Table 3 Meta-Regressions
From: How elastic is labor demand? A meta-analysis for the German labor market
Dependent variable: Own-wage elasticity of labor demand | (1) OLS Full sample | (2) OLS Baseline sample | (3) WLS Baseline sample | (4) WLS With interaction | (5) WLS Substitution effects |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Empirical model | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Structural-form model | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
 Reduced-form model | − 0.006 (0.113) | − 0.029 (0.115) | − 0.069 (0.159) | − 0.180 (0.153) | − 0.296 (0.112)*** |
Output decision | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Conditional | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |  |
 Unconditional | − 0.181 (0.147) | − 0.195 (0.197) | − 0.365 (0.092)*** | -1.070 (0.329)*** |  |
 Unconditional \(\times\) Reduced-form model |  |  |  | 0.822 (0.353)** |  |
Instrumentation of wage variable | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Without instrumental variable | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
 With instrumental variable | − 0.240 (0.103)** | − 0.384 (0.133)*** | − 0.337 (0.084)*** | − 0.343 (0.092)*** | − 0.216 (0.098)** |
Within-unit variation | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Without unit fixed effects | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
 With unit fixed effects | − 0.199 (0.080)** | − 0.032 (0.056) | − 0.082 (0.031)*** | − 0.079 (0.030)*** | − 0.085 (0.029)*** |
Time horizon | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Short-run | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
 Medium-run | − 0.309 (0.092)*** | − 0.098 (0.128) | − 0.308 (0.155)** | − 0.301 (0.145)** | − 0.260 (0.138)* |
 Long-run | − 0.379 (0.133)*** | − 0.285 (0.075)*** | − 0.200 (0.095)** | − 0.203 (0.095)** | − 0.205 (0.099)** |
Capital stock | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Quasi-fixed | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
 Flexible | − 0.126 (0.128) | 0.006 (0.119) | 0.132 (0.135) | 0.098 (0.134) | − 0.130 (0.133) |
 None | 0.055 (0.128) | 0.232 (0.099)** | − 0.054 (0.162) | − 0.126 (0.150) | − 0.265 (0.126)** |
Unit of observation | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Firm | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
 Industry or region | 0.102 (0.072) | 0.066 (0.073) | 0.181 (0.148) | 0.072 (0.141) | 0.306 (0.124)** |
 Economy | 0.408 (0.222)* | 1.138 (0.598)* | 2.129 (0.717)*** | 2.002 (0.636)*** | 0.822 (0.472)* |
Margin of adjustment | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Workers | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
 Hours per worker | 0.213 (0.114)* | Omitted | Omitted | Omitted | Omitted |
 Overall hours | − 0.081 (0.080) | − 0.168 (0.059)*** | − 0.017 (0.057) | − 0.033 (0.057) | − 0.007 (0.066) |
 Not stated | 0.322 (0.140)** | Omitted | Omitted | Omitted | Omitted |
Industry | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Overall | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
 Non-manufacturing | − 0.158 (0.116) | − 0.219 (0.126)* | 0.015 (0.109) | 0.045 (0.103) | 0.100 (0.088) |
 Manufacturing | − 0.098 (0.081) | − 0.164 (0.073)** | − 0.056 (0.115) | − 0.035 (0.111) | 0.041 (0.093) |
Region | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Overall | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
 West Germany | 0.266 (0.080)*** | 0.218 (0.071)*** | − 0.117 (0.096) | − 0.075 (0.096) | 0.020 (0.093) |
 East Germany | 0.135 (0.122) | 0.189 (0.087)** | − 0.119 (0.099) | − 0.077 (0.099) | 0.020 (0.093) |
Open economy | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Overall | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
 Non-exporting or national firm | − 0.002 (0.164) | 0.049 (0.200) | 0.612 (0.214)*** | 0.504 (0.188)*** | 0.246 (0.160) |
 Exporting or multinational firm | − 0.225 (0.115)* | − 0.138 (0.125) | 0.101 (0.176) | 0.126 (0.161) | 0.058 (0.134) |
Skill level | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Overall | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
 Low-skilled | − 0.224 (0.129)* | − 0.242 (0.133)* | − 0.115 (0.049)** | − 0.105 (0.041)** | − 0.098 (0.038)** |
 Medium-skilled | 0.207 (0.103)** | 0.222 (0.113)* | − 0.023 (0.064) | − 0.017 (0.061) | − 0.021 (0.055) |
 High-skilled | 0.098 (0.096) | 0.056 (0.098) | − 0.196 (0.088)** | − 0.187 (0.084)** | − 0.197 (0.088)** |
 Medium- or high-skilled | 0.182 (0.126) | 0.026 (0.108) | − 0.105 (0.141) | − 0.004 (0.109) | 0.033 (0.061) |
Job type | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Overall | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
 White-collar | 0.212 (0.121)* | 0.200 (0.148) | − 0.083 (0.119) | − 0.070 (0.111) | − 0.021 (0.053) |
 Blue-collar | − 0.103 (0.139) | 0.024 (0.119) | 0.047 (0.125) | 0.085 (0.131) | − 0.103 (0.118) |
Contract type | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Overall | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
 Typical employment | − 0.304 (0.124)** | − 0.067 (0.160) | 0.263 (0.177) | 0.102 (0.161) | − 0.083 (0.099) |
 Atypical employment | − 0.391 (0.205)* | − 0.303 (0.192) | − 0.109 (0.219) | − 0.255 (0.213) | − 0.501 (0.122)*** |
Gender | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Overall | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
 Male | 0.120 (0.202) | − 0.196 (0.203) | − 0.175 (0.256) | − 0.097 (0.240) | − 0.339 (0.185)* |
 Female | 0.228 (0.162) | − 0.224 (0.189) | − 0.187 (0.249) | − 0.102 (0.234) | − 0.348 (0.185)* |
Data | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Time series | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
 Cross section | − 0.253 (0.222) | 0.101 (0.171) | 0.299 (0.185) | 0.284 (0.173) | 0.523 (0.201)*** |
 Panel | 0.222 (0.116)* | 0.417 (0.111)*** | 0.431 (0.253)* | 0.511 (0.226)** | 0.833 (0.202)*** |
Years | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Centralized year in data | 0.005 (0.009) | − 0.002 (0.009) | 0.019 (0.011)* | 0.020 (0.010)** | 0.037 (0.010)*** |
 Year of publication fixed effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Constant | − 11.20 (16.95) | 5.281 (17.64) | − 40.99 (22.12)* | − 41.52 (19.95)** | − 73.93 (19.80)*** |
Estimator | OLS | OLS | WLS | WLS | WLS |
Sample | Full | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | Only Conditional |
Weight | None | None | Inverse Variance | Inverse Variance | Inverse Variance |
Number of observations | 705 | 442 | 442 | 442 | 403 |
Number of studies | 105 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 65 |
Adjusted R\(^2\) | 0.214 | 0.252 | 0.946 | 0.948 | 0.952 |