Table 5 Meta-regression analysis of literature heterogeneity: Estimation with selected moderators

EU membership status (2004 member)

 2007 and 2013 member

0.0336

(0.034)

0.0491

(0.047)

0.0273

(0.020)

0.0276

(0.020)

0.0265

(0.022)

 Membership candidate

− 0.0149 ^***

(0.006)

− 0.0133 ^*

(0.007)

0.0590

(0.038)

0.0672

(0.043)

− 0.0205 ^**

(0.009)

 Nonmember

− 0.0109

(0.035)

− 0.0095

(0.038)

− 0.0940 ^***

(0.028)

− 0.0872 ^***

(0.032)

− 0.1284 ^***

(0.004)

Estimation period

  Average estimation year

0.0067 ^***

(0.001)

0.0072 ^***

(0.001)

0.0052 ^***

(0.001)

0.0054 ^***

(0.001)

0.0037 ^*

(0.002)

Selected moderators

 Urban region

− 0.0494

(0.036)

− 0.0597

(0.036)

− 0.0480

(0.033)

− 0.0482

(0.033)

− 0.0206 ^***

(0.002)

 Young age

− 0.1238 ^***

(0.033)

− 0.1317 ^***

(0.026)

− 0.1225 ^***

(0.002)

− 0.1230 ^***

(0.003)

− 0.1202 ^***

(0.000)

 State enterprise

− 0.0534 ^**

(0.022)

0.0096

(0.041)

− 0.0362 ^*

(0.019)

− 0.0359 ^*

(0.020)

− 0.0387 ^**

(0.017)

 Private firm

0.0384 ^**

(0.019)

0.0281

(0.032)

0.0409 ^**

(0.020)

0.0416 ^**

(0.020)

0.0371

(0.024)

 Non-OLS

0.0380

(0.025)

0.0150

(0.016)

0.0457 ^***

(0.012)

0.0468 ^***

(0.012)

0.0375 ^***

(0.014)

 Firm size

− 0.0339 ^*

(0.019)

− 0.0398

(0.029)

0.0025

(0.013)

− 0.0001

(0.013)

0.0134

(0.016)

 Location fixed effects

0.0578 ^***

(0.019)

0.0326

(0.030)

0.0270 ^**

(0.013)

0.0295 ^**

(0.014)

0.0161

(0.015)

SE

− 0.0281

(0.399)

− 1.4516

(0.979)

0.3226

(0.344)

0.2912

(0.353)

0.4593

(0.324)

Intercept

− 13.7018 ^***

(1.758)

− 14.5798 ^***

(2.796)

− 10.6369 ^***

(2.705)

− 11.0617 ^***

(2.556)

− 7.6550 ^*

(4.273)

K

670

670

670

670

670

R²

0.299

0.433

–

0.163

0.050