Fig. 4

Components of cyclical changes in working hours per employee per quarter (2005–2021). The term ‘cyclical’ refers to the difference of actual and trend changes for each working-time instrument (if the series shows a trend). STW and WTA show no trend. The trend is constructed applying the Hodrick-Prescott filter with \(\lambda =1 600\). All components are measured in working hours per employee per quarter. Sources: Institute for Employment Research (IAB) working time calculations; own calculations