Jobcenters’ strategies to promoting the inclusion of immigrant and native job seekers: a comparative analysis based on PASS survey data

Lehwess-Litzmann, René; Söhn, Janina

doi:10.1186/s12651-022-00313-8

Journal for Labour Market Research

Table 3 Determinants of various ALMP measures by Jobcenters to job-seeking recipients of basic-income support (immigrants only)

From: Jobcenters’ strategies to promoting the inclusion of immigrant and native job seekers: a comparative analysis based on PASS survey data

Independent variables	Dependent variable: referral/offer made by the Jobcenter
Independent variables	Regular employment	Marginal employment	Assistance in applications	Reimbursement of application or travel costs	Program with employer or internship	Activation or placement voucher	Vocational (re-)training course	Integration or language course	No offer^a
Legal status (reference: not EU citizen, fixed-term residence)
German citizen	0.028	0.028	0.04	0.035	− 0.056*	0.032	− 0.036	− 0.154***	0.024
EU citizen, non-German	0.046	0.018	0.04	0.047	− 0.047*	0.046*	0.000	− 0.174***	0.036
Not EU citizen, open-ended residence	− 0.013	− 0.02	0.110*	0.000	− 0.082**	0.048	0.038	− 0.146**	0.042
Duration of stay in Germany so far (reference: 5 to below 10 years)
0 to below 5 years	− 0.038	0.000	− 0.044	− 0.03	− 0.014	− 0.011	− 0.018	0.188***	− 0.066**
10 years and more	0.111**	0.070*	0.013	0.008	− 0.042	0.044	− 0.132***	− 0.302***	0.044
German language skills (reference: reasonable)
Very good	0.061*	0.032	0.025	0.077*	− 0.018	0.013	− 0.031	− 0.127***	0.015
Good	0.037	− 0.005	0.039	0.076***	0.005	0.006	0.004	− 0.102***	0.017
Bad	− 0.051*	− 0.020	− 0.101***	− 0.100***	− 0.047*	− 0.042*	− 0.062*	− 0.022	0.036
Very bad	− 0.067	− 0.031	− 0.100*	− 0.172***	− 0.133***	− 0.028	− 0.130*	− 0.012	0.033
Age (reference: 35 to 44 years)
18 to 24 years	− 0.016	0.019	0.013	− 0.008	0.049	0.027	0.013	0.027	− 0.008
25 to 34 years	0.000	0.005	− 0.004	− 0.01	0.003	0.009	− 0.018	− 0.021	0.020
45 to 54 years	− 0.014	0.01	− 0.024	− 0.031	− 0.004	− 0.039*	− 0.056*	− 0.034	0.025
55 to 64 years	− 0.104***	− 0.010	− 0.053	− 0.057	0.003	− 0.050*	− 0.123***	− 0.049	0.092***
State of health: bad (reference: very good to less good)	− 0.004	− 0.008	− 0.073	− 0.048	− 0.037	− 0.021	− 0.123**	− 0.049	0.015
Professional qualification (reference: none, lower-secondary school-leaving certificate at most)
None, but upper or intermediate secondary school-leaving certificate	0.013	− 0.030	0.036	0.018	0.026	0.005	0.052*	− 0.048*	0.021
Non-academic professional qualification	0.056*	− 0.023	0.048	0.01	0.045*	0.023	0.057*	− 0.043	0.016
Academic qualification (university or technical/teacher training college)	0.008	− 0.060**	0.082***	0.077**	0.038*	0.035*	0.045	− 0.048*	0.002
Duration of current unemployment so far (reference: 12 to 23 months)
0 to 2 months	− 0.001	− 0.002	− 0.024	− 0.001	− 0.028	− 0.008	− 0.048	− 0.128***	0.087***
3 to 11 months	0.054	0.009	0.043	0.008	− 0.021	0.006	− 0.003	− 0.048	0.026
24 months and more	0.014	0.025	0.027	0.018	0.008	0.011	0.004	− 0.006	0.025
Gender and youngest child in household (reference: woman w/o children in household)
Mother with child aged 0 to 2 years	− 0.144***	− 0.057	− 0.071	− 0.123**	− 0.039	− 0.039	− 0.123*	− 0.099	0.187***
Mother with child aged 3 to 17 years	− 0.061	0.017	− 0.017	− 0.037	0.001	0.007	0.000	0.028	0.006
Father with child aged 0 to 2 years	0.035	0.004	0.124**	0.004	0.086**	0.050	0.034	− 0.005	− 0.034
Father with child aged 3 to 17 years	0.003	0.007	0.065	− 0.001	0.046	0.033	0.019	− 0.009	− 0.018
Man without children in household	0.023	0.012	0.055	0.016	0.061**	0.022	0.006	0.000	0.003
Partner in household (reference: none)	− 0.037	− 0.039*	− 0.056*	− 0.005	− 0.023	− 0.036*	− 0.070**	− 0.004	0.047**
Underemployment rate in federal state	− 0.003	− 0.002	− 0.009**	− 0.012***	− 0.005	0.006*	0.002	− 0.005	0.002
Year (reference: 2017)
2015	0.046	− 0.024	− 0.030	− 0.052	− 0.021	− 0.009	0.075*	(base)	0.042
2016	0.030	− 0.008	− 0.023	0.012	− 0.007	0.007	0.063*	0.023	0.015
2018	0.018	− 0.031	− 0.006	− 0.048	− 0.024	0.014	0.048	0.044	− 0.014
2019	0.049	− 0.053**	− 0.047	− 0.056*	− 0.006	0.025	0.041	− 0.012	0.014
2020	0.143***	0.005	0.056	− 0.003	0.036	0.079***	0.119***	0.027	− 0.033
Pseudo-R²	0.049	0.034	0.037	0.034	0.047	0.036	0.043	0.247	0.104
N	3191	3187	3185	3176	3193	3172	3190	2886	3195

Source: IAB, PASS, Welle 14 v1, 2015–2020. Own calculations
*p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001. Logit model, reported as average marginal effects. The significant coefficients can be read as the impact of a one-unit change of the independent variable on the estimated probability of receiving the offer by the Jobcenter
^a“No offer” means “financial support to become self-employed” and “other offers” have also not been granted

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