Table 9 Individual-level maximum-likelihood estimates of the effects of the displayed variables on the risks of exiting unemployment and of entering unemployment. Sample restricted to survey participants ages 25–54. Fixed effects by country not displayed

\(\lambda _i\) (log-risk of exiting unemployment)

Numeracy (std)

\({0}.{174}^{***}\)

\({0}.{168}^{***}\)

\({0}.{165}^{***}\)

\({0}.{162}^{***}\)

\({0}.{154}^{***}\)

\({0}.{163}^{***}\)

\({0}.{125}^{***}\)

(0.029)

(0.030)

(0.027)

(0.029)

(0.028)

(0.032)

(0.032)

Social trust (std)

0.024

–

–

0.024

–

–

0.021

(0.020)

(0.019)

(0.022)

Readiness to learn (std)

–

0.021

–

0.019

–

–

0.021

(0.022)

(0.023)

(0.024)

Education (years)

–

–

0.007

0.006

–

–

0.011

(0.009)

(0.009)

(0.010)

Experience (decades)

− 0.009

0.011

0.017

0.006

− 0.011

− 0.001

− 0.012

(0.080)

(0.081)

(0.083)

(0.081)

(0.082)

(0.082)

(0.083)

Experience\(^2\) (decades)

− 0.011

− 0.016

− 0.016

− 0.012

− 0.009

− 0.017

− 0.008

(0.020)

(0.020)

(0.020)

(0.020)

(0.021)

(0.021)

(0.022)

Medium parental education

–

–

–

–

\({0}.{094}^{*}\)

–

\({0}.{093}^{*}\)

(0.053)

(0.055)

High parental education

–

–

–

–

0.040

–

0.039

(0.070)

(0.073)

Female

–

–

–

–

–

\({-0}.{275}^{***}\)

\({-0}.{272}^{***}\)

(0.044)

(0.047)

Native

–

–

–

–

–

0.045

0.041

(0.074)

(0.073)

Log-likelihood

−29,453

−30,266

−29,952

−29,170

−28,237

−30,166

−27,113

Countries

36

37

37

36

37

37

36

Observations

113,725

115,998

115,885

113,612

110,553

115,934

108,279

\(\delta _i\) (log-risk of entering unemployment)

Numeracy (std)

\({-0}.{307}^{***}\)

\({-0}.{335}^{***}\)

\({-0}.{195}^{***}\)

\({-0}.{189}^{***}\)

\({-0}.{341}^{***}\)

\({-0}.{316}^{***}\)

\({-0}.{179}^{***}\)

(0.041)

(0.043)

(0.046)

(0.046)

(0.042)

(0.044)

(0.051)

Social trust (std)

\({-0}.{172}^{***}\)

–

–

\({-0}.{137}^{***}\)

–

–

\({-0}.{130}^{***}\)

(0.032)

(0.034)

(0.037)

Readiness to learn (std)

–

0.010

–

\({0}.{052}^{**}\)

–

–

\({0}.{049}^{*}\)

(0.025)

(0.025)

(0.027)

Education (years)

–

–

\({-0}.{118}^{***}\)

\({-0}.{115}^{***}\)

–

–

\({-0}.{118}^{***}\)

(0.013)

(0.014)

(0.014)

Experience (decades)

\({-0}.{494}^{***}\)

\({-0}.{456}^{***}\)

\({-0}.{598}^{***}\)

\({-0}.{617}^{***}\)

\({-0}.{517}^{***}\)

\({-0}.{463}^{***}\)

\({-0}.{659}^{***}\)

(0.104)

(0.104)

(0.106)

(0.105)

(0.109)

(0.101)

(0.102)

Experience\(^2\) (decades)

\({0}.{070}^{***}\)

\({0}.{062}^{**}\)

\({0}.{063}^{**}\)

\({0}.{069}^{***}\)

\({0}.{080}^{***}\)

\({0}.{062}^{**}\)

\({0}.{085}^{***}\)

(0.026)

(0.025)

(0.025)

(0.025)

(0.026)

(0.025)

(0.025)

Medium parental education

–

–

–

–

0.055

–

\({0}.{141}^{**}\)

(0.066)

(0.071)

High parental education

–

–

–

–

− 0.038

–

\({0}.{120}^{*}\)

(0.065)

(0.063)

Female

–

–

–

–

–

\({-0}.{131}^{*}\)

− 0.045

(0.069)

(0.073)

Native

–

–

–

–

–

\({-0}.{251}^{**}\)

\({-0}.{326}^{***}\)

(0.101)

(0.103)

Log-likelihood

−29,453

−30,266

−29,952

−29,170

−28,237

−30,166

−27,113

Countries

36

37

37

36

37

37

36

Observations

113,725

115,998

115,885

113,612

110,553

115,934

108,279

\(\lambda _i-\delta _i\) (log-risk-ratio of exiting to entering unemployment)

Numeracy (std)

\({0}.{480}^{***}\)

\({0}.{503}^{***}\)

\({0}.{360}^{***}\)

\({0}.{351}^{***}\)

\({0}.{495}^{***}\)

\({0}.{479}^{***}\)

\({0}.{305}^{***}\)

(0.038)

(0.039)

(0.042)

(0.042)

(0.039)

(0.037)

(0.042)

Social trust (std)

\({0}.{196}^{***}\)

–

–

\({0}.{161}^{***}\)

–

–

\({0}.{151}^{***}\)

(0.019)

(0.021)

(0.021)

Readiness to learn (std)

–

0.011

–

− 0.033

–

–

− 0.028

(0.026)

(0.026)

(0.027)

Education (years)

–

–

\({0}.{125}^{***}\)

\({0}.{122}^{***}\)

–

–

\({0}.{130}^{***}\)

(0.014)

(0.014)

(0.014)

Experience (decades)

\({0}.{485}^{***}\)

\({0}.{467}^{***}\)

\({0}.{615}^{***}\)

\({0}.{623}^{***}\)

\({0}.{506}^{***}\)

\({0}.{461}^{***}\)

\({0}.{648}^{***}\)

(0.072)

(0.070)

(0.065)

(0.068)

(0.074)

(0.070)

(0.068)

Experience\(^2\) (decades)

\({-0}.{081}^{***}\)

\({-0}.{078}^{***}\)

\({-0}.{079}^{***}\)

\({-0}.{082}^{***}\)

\({-0}.{089}^{***}\)

\({-0}.{079}^{***}\)

\({-0}.{093}^{***}\)

(0.017)

(0.016)

(0.016)

(0.016)

(0.017)

(0.017)

(0.017)

Medium parental education

–

–

–

–

0.039

–

− 0.048

(0.048)

(0.049)

High parental education

–

–

–

–

\({0}.{078}^{*}\)

–

\({-0}.{081}^{*}\)

(0.046)

(0.047)

Female

–

–

–

–

–

\({-0}.{144}^{**}\)

\({-0}.{227}^{***}\)

(0.064)

(0.064)

Native

–

–

–

–

–

\({0}.{295}^{***}\)

\({0}.{367}^{***}\)

(0.066)

(0.063)

Log-likelihood

−29,453

−30,266

−29,952

−29,170

−28,237

−30,166

−27,113

Countries

36

37

37

36

37

37

36

Observations

113,725

115,998

115,885

113,612

110,553

115,934

108,279