Table 4 Summary statistics and maximum-likelihood estimates of transition rates for survey participants ages 25–54
From: A cross-country study of skills and unemployment flows
Observations | Sample shares (in %) | Transition rates | Sample averages | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Employed | Unemployed | Women | \(\lambda ^c\) | \(\delta ^c\) | \(\lambda ^c/\delta ^c\) | Education | Numeracy | Literacy | Experience | ||||
Overall | Short | Long | |||||||||||
Austria | 2,876 | 96.004 | 3.996 | 2.181 | 1.816 | 49.138 | 0.789 | 0.033 | 24.024 | 12.403 | 281.352 | 274.695 | 20.573 |
(0.365) | (0.365) | (0.272) | (0.249) | (0.932) | (0.102) | (0.005) | (2.287) | (0.048) | (0.902) | (0.808) | (0.178) | ||
Belgium | 2,704 | 97.830 | 2.170 | 1.312 | 0.858 | 46.204 | 0.928 | 0.021 | 45.088 | 13.175 | 290.997 | 284.524 | 19.889 |
(0.280) | (0.280) | (0.219) | (0.177) | (0.959) | (0.161) | (0.004) | (5.951) | (0.049) | (0.946) | (0.876) | (0.183) | ||
Canada | 13,691 | 95.635 | 4.365 | 3.005 | 1.361 | 47.376 | 1.166 | 0.053 | 21.908 | 13.929 | 274.473 | 281.439 | 17.477 |
(0.175) | (0.175) | (0.146) | (0.099) | (0.427) | (0.061) | (0.004) | (0.916) | (0.021) | (0.460) | (0.423) | (0.081) | ||
Chile | 2,537 | 95.791 | 4.209 | 3.223 | 0.987 | 44.454 | 1.451 | 0.064 | 22.756 | 12.236 | 216.693 | 226.573 | 17.101 |
(0.399) | (0.399) | (0.351) | (0.196) | (0.987) | (0.175) | (0.010) | (2.250) | (0.066) | (1.127) | (0.983) | (0.220) | ||
Cyprus | 2,364 | 91.622 | 8.378 | 4.275 | 4.103 | 48.592 | 0.714 | 0.065 | 10.936 | 13.296 | 271.129 | 273.940 | 18.017 |
(0.570) | (0.570) | (0.416) | (0.408) | (1.028) | (0.073) | (0.008) | (0.812) | (0.060) | (0.944) | (0.831) | (0.217) | ||
Czechia | 2,749 | 94.128 | 5.872 | 2.905 | 2.967 | 44.570 | 0.683 | 0.043 | 16.029 | 13.512 | 280.767 | 278.454 | 18.805 |
(0.448) | (0.448) | (0.320) | (0.324) | (0.948) | (0.078) | (0.006) | (1.300) | (0.049) | (0.809) | (0.765) | (0.186) | ||
Germany | 2,990 | 95.012 | 4.956 | 2.229 | 2.726 | 46.502 | 0.598 | 0.031 | 19.047 | 14.161 | 280.229 | 276.114 | 18.845 |
(0.398) | (0.397) | (0.270) | (0.298) | (0.912) | (0.074) | (0.005) | (1.600) | (0.053) | (0.937) | (0.847) | (0.172) | ||
Denmark | 3,387 | 94.035 | 5.965 | 3.621 | 2.344 | 47.890 | 0.934 | 0.059 | 15.765 | 13.314 | 288.379 | 279.258 | 15.391 |
(0.407) | (0.407) | (0.321) | (0.260) | (0.858) | (0.087) | (0.007) | (1.144) | (0.044) | (0.853) | (0.790) | (0.174) | ||
Ecuador | 2,487 | 94.132 | 5.868 | 2.235 | 3.633 | 43.012 | 0.479 | 0.030 | 16.042 | 12.979 | 193.912 | 199.781 | 15.998 |
(0.471) | (0.471) | (0.296) | (0.375) | (0.993) | (0.065) | (0.005) | (1.369) | (0.085) | (1.072) | (0.997) | (0.229) | ||
Spain | 3,202 | 81.792 | 18.208 | 8.653 | 9.555 | 45.207 | 0.645 | 0.144 | 4.492 | 12.133 | 255.483 | 260.008 | 19.276 |
(0.682) | (0.682) | (0.497) | (0.520) | (0.880) | (0.039) | (0.011) | (0.206) | (0.061) | (0.848) | (0.818) | (0.180) | ||
Estonia | 3,996 | 93.667 | 6.333 | 2.886 | 3.447 | 50.346 | 0.608 | 0.041 | 14.790 | 12.647 | 278.385 | 279.169 | 17.230 |
(0.385) | (0.385) | (0.265) | (0.289) | (0.791) | (0.058) | (0.005) | (0.961) | (0.042) | (0.699) | (0.693) | (0.157) | ||
Finland | 2,792 | 95.003 | 4.997 | 2.763 | 2.235 | 48.011 | 0.805 | 0.042 | 19.011 | 13.316 | 295.043 | 300.431 | 15.153 |
(0.412) | (0.412) | (0.310) | (0.280) | (0.946) | (0.094) | (0.006) | (1.651) | (0.052) | (0.934) | (0.899) | (0.190) | ||
France | 3,564 | 92.295 | 7.705 | 3.977 | 3.729 | 47.921 | 0.726 | 0.061 | 11.978 | 12.048 | 263.411 | 268.603 | 18.933 |
(0.447) | (0.447) | (0.327) | (0.317) | (0.837) | (0.062) | (0.006) | (0.752) | (0.057) | (0.910) | (0.790) | (0.172) | ||
UK | 4,594 | 93.789 | 6.195 | 2.592 | 3.604 | 46.065 | 0.542 | 0.036 | 15.100 | 13.289 | 270.283 | 280.434 | 15.165 |
(0.356) | (0.356) | (0.234) | (0.275) | (0.735) | (0.050) | (0.004) | (0.923) | (0.035) | (0.798) | (0.705) | (0.154) | ||
Greece | 2,454 | 79.702 | 20.298 | 5.663 | 14.635 | 42.498 | 0.327 | 0.083 | 3.927 | 12.596 | 258.311 | 254.586 | 19.396 |
(0.812) | (0.812) | (0.467) | (0.714) | (0.998) | (0.028) | (0.008) | (0.197) | (0.067) | (0.963) | (0.940) | (0.210) | ||
Hungary | 3,213 | 96.618 | 3.382 | 1.819 | 1.563 | 47.478 | 0.772 | 0.027 | 28.564 | 12.437 | 281.336 | 271.992 | 17.750 |
(0.319) | (0.319) | (0.236) | (0.219) | (0.881) | (0.103) | (0.004) | (2.788) | (0.051) | (0.892) | (0.758) | (0.174) | ||
Indonesia | 2,709 | 95.535 | 4.465 | 2.647 | 1.818 | 27.192 | 0.899 | 0.042 | 21.396 | 11.594 | 210.514 | 203.743 | 17.983 |
(0.397) | (0.397) | (0.309) | (0.257) | (0.855) | (0.110) | (0.006) | (1.990) | (0.069) | (1.042) | (0.985) | (0.183) | ||
Ireland | 3,150 | 88.490 | 11.510 | 3.934 | 7.576 | 46.537 | 0.418 | 0.054 | 7.688 | 15.505 | 265.100 | 273.765 | 15.845 |
(0.569) | (0.569) | (0.346) | (0.472) | (0.889) | (0.038) | (0.006) | (0.429) | (0.051) | (0.909) | (0.815) | (0.189) | ||
Israel | 2,580 | 94.816 | 5.184 | 3.111 | 2.074 | 48.018 | 0.916 | 0.050 | 18.289 | 13.581 | 264.057 | 265.250 | 14.818 |
(0.437) | (0.437) | (0.342) | (0.281) | (0.984) | (0.106) | (0.007) | (1.624) | (0.049) | (1.163) | (1.015) | (0.199) | ||
Italy | 2,536 | 86.869 | 13.131 | 5.228 | 7.903 | 42.262 | 0.508 | 0.077 | 6.616 | 11.513 | 256.673 | 256.142 | 20.992 |
(0.671) | (0.671) | (0.442) | (0.536) | (0.981) | (0.045) | (0.008) | (0.389) | (0.076) | (0.971) | (0.877) | (0.200) | ||
Japan | 2,647 | 97.766 | 2.234 | 1.786 | 0.449 | 42.467 | 1.605 | 0.037 | 43.755 | 13.563 | 297.723 | 305.496 | 19.618 |
(0.287) | (0.287) | (0.257) | (0.130) | (0.961) | (0.259) | (0.008) | (5.754) | (0.045) | (0.807) | (0.693) | (0.172) | ||
Kazakhstan | 2,987 | 95.724 | 4.276 | 2.081 | 2.196 | 44.703 | 0.667 | 0.030 | 22.384 | 12.571 | 250.471 | 252.407 | 17.333 |
(0.370) | (0.370) | (0.261) | (0.268) | (0.910) | (0.086) | (0.005) | (2.024) | (0.041) | (0.691) | (0.717) | (0.170) | ||
Korea | 3,421 | 96.940 | 3.060 | 1.521 | 1.540 | 40.658 | 0.687 | 0.022 | 31.675 | 13.612 | 267.314 | 275.714 | 18.392 |
(0.295) | (0.295) | (0.209) | (0.211) | (0.840) | (0.097) | (0.004) | (3.144) | (0.048) | (0.723) | (0.660) | (0.180) | ||
Lithuania | 2,537 | 89.589 | 10.411 | 4.260 | 6.151 | 51.085 | 0.526 | 0.061 | 8.605 | 13.783 | 270.809 | 268.521 | 18.260 |
(0.606) | (0.606) | (0.401) | (0.477) | (0.993) | (0.051) | (0.007) | (0.559) | (0.049) | (0.962) | (0.832) | (0.208) | ||
Mexico | 2,708 | 96.855 | 3.145 | 1.791 | 1.354 | 40.460 | 0.843 | 0.027 | 30.799 | 11.218 | 215.912 | 223.069 | 18.474 |
(0.335) | (0.335) | (0.255) | (0.222) | (0.943) | (0.125) | (0.005) | (3.391) | (0.084) | (0.941) | (0.896) | (0.208) | ||
Netherlands | 2,691 | 95.959 | 4.041 | 2.420 | 1.621 | 46.608 | 0.913 | 0.038 | 23.745 | 13.884 | 289.711 | 292.602 | 17.446 |
(0.380) | (0.380) | (0.296) | (0.244) | (0.962) | (0.117) | (0.006) | (2.324) | (0.048) | (0.927) | (0.892) | (0.197) | ||
Norway | 2,773 | 96.702 | 3.298 | 1.615 | 1.683 | 47.405 | 0.673 | 0.023 | 29.320 | 14.733 | 289.090 | 288.179 | 14.952 |
(0.339) | (0.339) | (0.239) | (0.244) | (0.948) | (0.102) | (0.004) | (3.118) | (0.045) | (1.026) | (0.875) | (0.181) | ||
New Zealand | 3,000 | 94.432 | 5.568 | 2.703 | 2.865 | 49.129 | 0.665 | 0.039 | 16.960 | 14.222 | 280.348 | 287.830 | 17.043 |
(0.419) | (0.419) | (0.296) | (0.305) | (0.913) | (0.075) | (0.005) | (1.350) | (0.046) | (0.966) | (0.845) | (0.192) | ||
Peru | 3,710 | 97.358 | 2.642 | 1.506 | 1.136 | 43.402 | 0.844 | 0.023 | 36.843 | 15.935 | 185.869 | 195.227 | 18.981 |
(0.263) | (0.263) | (0.200) | (0.174) | (0.814) | (0.116) | (0.004) | (3.771) | (0.079) | (1.056) | (0.853) | (0.168) | ||
Poland | 3,113 | 91.801 | 8.199 | 2.868 | 5.331 | 46.412 | 0.430 | 0.038 | 11.197 | 13.529 | 265.518 | 271.118 | 16.197 |
(0.492) | (0.492) | (0.299) | (0.403) | (0.894) | (0.046) | (0.005) | (0.732) | (0.053) | (0.885) | (0.853) | (0.187) | ||
Russia | 1,512 | 94.692 | 5.308 | 3.544 | 1.764 | 47.115 | 1.102 | 0.062 | 17.839 | 13.978 | 272.839 | 277.485 | 17.427 |
(0.577) | (0.577) | (0.476) | (0.339) | (1.284) | (0.158) | (0.011) | (2.046) | (0.086) | (1.011) | (1.070) | (0.255) | ||
Singapore | 2,951 | 96.565 | 3.435 | 2.191 | 1.244 | 46.094 | 1.016 | 0.036 | 28.109 | 12.513 | 266.941 | 263.445 | 17.464 |
(0.335) | (0.335) | (0.270) | (0.204) | (0.918) | (0.132) | (0.006) | (2.841) | (0.056) | (1.183) | (1.028) | (0.205) | ||
Slovakia | 2,809 | 89.979 | 10.021 | 3.878 | 6.143 | 45.779 | 0.489 | 0.055 | 8.979 | 13.709 | 283.999 | 279.566 | 18.518 |
(0.567) | (0.567) | (0.364) | (0.453) | (0.940) | (0.047) | (0.006) | (0.564) | (0.050) | (0.822) | (0.708) | (0.185) | ||
Slovenia | 2,857 | 88.778 | 11.222 | 2.997 | 8.225 | 46.713 | 0.311 | 0.039 | 7.911 | 10.796 | 265.569 | 261.714 | 17.896 |
(0.591) | (0.591) | (0.319) | (0.514) | (0.934) | (0.034) | (0.005) | (0.469) | (0.035) | (0.975) | (0.863) | (0.193) | ||
Sweden | 2,366 | 94.569 | 5.431 | 2.667 | 2.764 | 47.854 | 0.675 | 0.039 | 17.414 | 12.729 | 286.869 | 287.625 | 16.205 |
(0.466) | (0.466) | (0.331) | (0.337) | (1.027) | (0.087) | (0.006) | (1.580) | (0.049) | (1.111) | (1.002) | (0.209) | ||
Turkey | 1,934 | 92.624 | 7.376 | 3.695 | 3.682 | 23.050 | 0.695 | 0.055 | 12.557 | 9.363 | 234.901 | 235.302 | 19.209 |
(0.595) | (0.595) | (0.429) | (0.428) | (0.958) | (0.084) | (0.008) | (1.092) | (0.080) | (1.197) | (0.976) | (0.242) | ||
USA | 2,592 | 92.141 | 7.859 | 4.313 | 3.546 | 48.792 | 0.796 | 0.068 | 11.724 | 13.898 | 260.674 | 274.935 | 17.686 |
(0.529) | (0.529) | (0.399) | (0.363) | (0.982) | (0.077) | (0.008) | (0.856) | (0.062) | (1.123) | (0.975) | (0.200) | ||
Pooled | 117,183 | 93.645 | 6.354 | 3.044 | 3.310 | 45.496 | 0.652 | 0.044 | 14.735 | 13.195 | 264.972 | 267.413 | 17.660 |
(0.071) | (0.071) | (0.050) | (0.052) | (0.145) | (0.011) | (0.001) | (0.176) | (0.009) | (0.168) | (0.154) | (0.030) | ||