Table 3 Individual-level maximum-likelihood estimates of the effects of the displayed variables on the risks of exiting unemployment and of entering unemployment
From: A cross-country study of skills and unemployment flows
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
\(\lambda _i\) (log-risk of exiting unemployment) | |||||||
Numeracy (std) | \({0}.{166}^{***}\) | \({0}.{174}^{***}\) | 0.084 | \({0}.{162}^{***}\) | \({0}.{165}^{***}\) | \({0}.{164}^{***}\) | \({0}.{163}^{***}\) |
(0.029) | (0.032) | (0.073) | (0.030) | (0.030) | (0.029) | (0.031) | |
\(\times\) Logarithmized GDP per capita (PPP, demeaned) | – | – | – | 0.043 | – | – | 0.028 |
(0.061) | (0.096) | ||||||
\(\times\) ICT in the workplace (std) | – | – | – | – | 0.061 | – | 0.032 |
(0.120) | (0.192) | ||||||
\(\times\) Employment in agriculture (share, demeaned) | – | – | – | – | – | − 0.352 | 0.054 |
(0.838) | (0.970) | ||||||
Experience (decades) | − 0.002 | − 0.010 | 0.144 | − 0.003 | − 0.004 | − 0.002 | − 0.004 |
(0.082) | (0.075) | (0.361) | (0.082) | (0.082) | (0.082) | (0.082) | |
Experience\(^2\) (decades) | − 0.017 | − 0.013 | − 0.068 | − 0.016 | − 0.016 | − 0.017 | − 0.016 |
(0.020) | (0.018) | (0.103) | (0.020) | (0.020) | (0.020) | (0.020) | |
Female | \({-0}.{276}^{***}\) | \({-0}.{232}^{***}\) | \({-0}.{662}^{***}\) | \({-0}.{276}^{***}\) | \({-0}.{276}^{***}\) | \({-0}.{276}^{***}\) | \({-0}.{276}^{***}\) |
(0.043) | (0.041) | (0.116) | (0.043) | (0.043) | (0.043) | (0.043) | |
Log-likelihood | −30,221 | −26,470 | −3,691 | −30,203 | −30,201 | −30,205 | −30,198 |
Countries | 37 | 30 | 7 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 |
Observations | 115,998 | 97,414 | 18,584 | 115,998 | 115,998 | 115,998 | 115,998 |
\(\delta _i\) (log-risk of entering unemployment) | |||||||
Numeracy (std) | \({-0}.{335}^{***}\) | \({-0}.{356}^{***}\) | − 0.171 | \({-0}.{324}^{***}\) | \({-0}.{338}^{***}\) | \({-0}.{331}^{***}\) | \({-0}.{332}^{***}\) |
(0.042) | (0.044) | (0.119) | (0.040) | (0.038) | (0.038) | (0.039) | |
\(\times\) Logarithmized GDP per capita (PPP, demeaned) | – | – | – | \({-0}.{170}^{*}\) | – | – | − 0.042 |
(0.087) | (0.142) | ||||||
\(\times\) ICT in the workplace (std) | – | – | – | – | − 0.271 | – | − 0.145 |
(0.171) | (0.267) | ||||||
\(\times\) Employment in agriculture (share, demeaned) | – | – | – | – | – | \({2}.{230}^{*}\) | 1.029 |
(1.153) | (1.392) | ||||||
Experience (decades) | \({-0}.{453}^{***}\) | \({-0}.{399}^{***}\) | \({-0}.{719}^{*}\) | \({-0}.{449}^{***}\) | \({-0}.{450}^{***}\) | \({-0}.{449}^{***}\) | \({-0}.{449}^{***}\) |
(0.101) | (0.094) | (0.424) | (0.101) | (0.101) | (0.101) | (0.101) | |
Experience\(^2\) (decades) | \({0}.{059}^{**}\) | \({0}.{051}^{**}\) | 0.082 | \({0}.{058}^{**}\) | \({0}.{058}^{**}\) | \({0}.{058}^{**}\) | \({0}.{058}^{**}\) |
(0.025) | (0.024) | (0.112) | (0.025) | (0.025) | (0.025) | (0.025) | |
Female | \({-0}.{135}^{**}\) | \({-0}.{137}^{*}\) | − 0.117 | \({-0}.{136}^{**}\) | \({-0}.{135}^{**}\) | \({-0}.{135}^{**}\) | \({-0}.{136}^{**}\) |
(0.068) | (0.072) | (0.195) | (0.068) | (0.068) | (0.068) | (0.068) | |
Log-likelihood | −30,221 | −26,470 | −3,691 | −30,203 | −30,201 | −30,205 | −30,198 |
Countries | 37 | 30 | 7 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 |
Observations | 115,998 | 97,414 | 18,584 | 115,998 | 115,998 | 115,998 | 115,998 |
\(\lambda _i-\delta _i\) (log-risk-ratio of exiting to entering unemployment) | |||||||
Numeracy (std) | \({0}.{501}^{***}\) | \({0}.{530}^{***}\) | \({0}.{255}^{***}\) | \({0}.{486}^{***}\) | \({0}.{503}^{***}\) | \({0}.{495}^{***}\) | \({0}.{495}^{***}\) |
(0.039) | (0.040) | (0.062) | (0.036) | (0.034) | (0.034) | (0.034) | |
\(\times\) Logarithmized GDP per capita (PPP, demeaned) | – | – | – | \({0}.{213}^{**}\) | – | – | 0.070 |
(0.086) | (0.156) | ||||||
\(\times\) ICT in the workplace (std) | – | – | – | – | \({0}.{332}^{**}\) | – | 0.177 |
(0.149) | (0.189) | ||||||
\(\times\) Employment in agriculture (share, demeaned) | – | – | – | – | – | \({-2}.{582}^{**}\) | − 0.975 |
(1.085) | (1.620) | ||||||
Experience (decades) | \({0}.{451}^{***}\) | \({0}.{389}^{***}\) | \({0}.{863}^{***}\) | \({0}.{446}^{***}\) | \({0}.{447}^{***}\) | \({0}.{447}^{***}\) | \({0}.{445}^{***}\) |
(0.069) | (0.071) | (0.188) | (0.069) | (0.069) | (0.070) | (0.069) | |
Experience\(^2\) (decades) | \({-0}.{075}^{***}\) | \({-0}.{063}^{***}\) | \({-0}.{150}^{***}\) | \({-0}.{074}^{***}\) | \({-0}.{074}^{***}\) | \({-0}.{074}^{***}\) | \({-0}.{074}^{***}\) |
(0.016) | (0.018) | (0.040) | (0.016) | (0.016) | (0.016) | (0.016) | |
Female | \({-0}.{141}^{**}\) | − 0.094 | \({-0}.{546}^{***}\) | \({-0}.{140}^{**}\) | \({-0}.{140}^{**}\) | \({-0}.{140}^{**}\) | \({-0}.{140}^{**}\) |
(0.065) | (0.068) | (0.173) | (0.065) | (0.065) | (0.065) | (0.065) | |
Log-likelihood | −30,221 | −26,470 | −3,691 | −30,203 | −30,201 | −30,205 | −30,198 |
Countries | 37 | 30 | 7 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 |
Observations | 115,998 | 97,414 | 18,584 | 115,998 | 115,998 | 115,998 | 115,998 |