Fig. 4

Country-level estimates of the effects of numeracy skills on the risks of exiting unemployment, \(\lambda ^c\), and of entering unemployment, \(\delta ^c\), based on specification (5) in Table 1, excluding the respective country from the sample. Black, dark gray and light gray indicate statistical significance at the 10, 5, and 1% level, respectively. Author’s calculations based on the Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC), the Penn World Table 9.1 (Feenstra et al. 2015), OECD statistics (https://stats.oecd.org/) and ILO statistics (https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/)