Table 5 Random intercept model of overeducation (n = 14,266). (Source:BIBB/BAuA Employment Survey 2006)

Age cohort (Ref.:25–34)

35–44

1.106

(1.37)

0.012

1.035

(0.44)

0.004

1.035

(0.44)

0.003

45–54

1.037

(0.44)

0.004

0.917

(− 0.97)

− 0.009

0.921

(− 0.92)

− 0.008

55–64

1.119

(0.98)

0.013

0.915

(− 0.71)

− 0.009

0.917

(− 0.70)

− 0.008

ISCED (Ref.: 5A, univers.deg.)

 3B (vocational education and trainingqual.)

0.024^***

(− 32.28)

− 0.577

0.010^***

(− 34.50)

− 0.552

0.010^***

(− 34.53)

− 0.494

 5B (Master craftsmen, technicians,trade/technical school qual.)

1.102

(0.98)

0.020

1.210

(1.79)

0.030

1.201

(1.72)

0.023

Virtual education (yrs.)

0.855^***

(− 8.22)

− 0.019

0.900^***

(− 5.15)

− 0.011

0.901^***

(− 5.11)

− 0.010

Employment gap

1.414^***

(6.01)

0.041

1.266^***

(3.82)

0.025

1.264^***

(3.79)

0.022

Task experience (yrs.)

0.968^***

(− 7.43)

− 0.004

0.977^***

(− 5.05)

− 0.002

0.977^***

(− 5.09)

− 0.002

Health (Ref.: 1 = Very bad)

 2

0.882

(− 0.57)

− 0.016

0.943

(− 0.25)

− 0.007

0.938

(− 0.27)

− 0.007

 3

0.688

(− 1.81)

− 0.047

0.734

(− 1.40)

− 0.034

0.730

(− 1.43)

− 0.031

 4

0.586^*

(− 2.53)

− 0.066

0.643^*

(− 1.96)

− 0.048

0.641^*

(− 1.98)

− 0.043

 5 = Excellent

0.595^*

(− 2.35)

− 0.064

0.693

(− 1.56)

− 0.040

0.691

(− 1.57)

− 0.037

Female

2.567^***

(14.41)

0.113

1.986^***

(9.26)

0.073

2.005^***

(9.40)

0.066

Kid(s) living in the household

0.979

(− 0.35)

− 0.003

0.967

(− 0.49)

− 0.003

0.966

(− 0.52)

− 0.003

German not learnt as a first language

1.249

(1.93)

0.027

1.069

(0.53)

0.007

1.071

(0.55)

0.007

Married (Ref.: unmarried, divorced)

1.074

(1.16)

0.009

1.090

(1.30)

0.009

1.090

(1.30)

0.008

Residence in East Germany (Ref.: West Germany)

0.826^**

(− 2.81)

− 0.023

0.687^***

(− 5.12)

− 0.038

0.687^***

(− 5.13)

− 0.034

Non-routine analytic job tasks

0.990^***

(− 7.99)

− 0.0014

0.975^***

(− 15.17)

− 0.00326

0.976^***

(− 14.92)

− 0.0023

Non-routine interactive tasks

0.996^***

(− 4.30)

− 0.0006

0.989^***

(− 8.91)

− 0.0012

0.989^***

(− 8.75)

− 0.0011

Routine cognitive job tasks

1.002^*

(2.03)

0.0002

1.005^***

(5.25)

0.0006

1.005^***

(5.20)

 0.0005

Routine manual job tasks

0.993^***

(− 5.73)

− 0.0009

0.996^**

(− 3.08)

− 0.0005

0.996^**

(− 3.14)

− 0.0004

Non-routine manual job tasks

1.001

(0.90)

 0.0001

1.003^*

(2.34)

0.0004

1.003^*

(2.32)

 0.0003

Increase in job skill req.

0.789^***

(− 4.83)

− 0.033

0.727^***

(− 5.32)

− 0.034

0.726^***

(− 5.34)

− 0.030

Shift work

1.036

(0.59)

0.005

1.523^***

(5.63)

0.046

1.537^***

(5.77)

0.042

Part-time job

1.176^**

(2.81)

0.023

1.280^**

(3.12)

0.027

1.292^**

(3.23)

0.025

N.-r. analytic job tasks (occ.mean)

0.951^**

(− 2.72)

− 0.0047

N.-r. interactive job tasks (occ.mean)

0.949^**

(− 3.02)

− 0.0050

Routine cognitive job tasks (occ.mean)

1.006

(0.50)

0.0006

Routine manual job tasks (occ.mean)

0.976^**

(− 2.82)

− 0.003

Non-routine manual job tasks (occ.mean)

1.026^*

(2.02)

0.004

Increase in job skill req. (occ.mean)

1.061^**

(2.75)

0.006

Intraclass-correlation (ICC)

0.511

0.111

0.334

0.094

Log-likelihood

− 4740.2

− 5921.1

− 4193.7

− 4176.0