Does self-employment really raise job satisfaction? Adaptation and anticipation effects on self-employment and general job changes

Hanglberger, Dominik; Merz, Joachim

doi:10.1007/s12651-015-0175-8

Journal for Labour Market Research

Tabel 5 Fixed effects regression results—The effect of self-employment on job satisfaction with and without anticipation and adaptation effects. (Source: Own calculations based on SOEP 1984–2009)

From: Does self-employment really raise job satisfaction? Adaptation and anticipation effects on self-employment and general job changesErhöht eine Selbständigkeit wirklich die Arbeitszufriedenheit? Adaptions- und Antizipationseffekte der Selbständigkeit und genereller Arbeitsplatzwechsel

	I	II	III	IV
Self-employment
Self-employed (dummy)	0.590^***		0.201
Self-employed (dummy)	(3.40)		(1.16)
Self-employed
T −4		0.115		0.259
T −4		(0.63)		(1.40)
T −3		0.137		0.385^*
T −3		(0.83)		(2.24)
T −2		− 0.021		0.370⁺
T −2		(− 0.10)		(1.80)
T −1		− 0.307		0.411⁺
T −1		(− 1.43)		(1.89)
T		0.752^**		0.656^**
T		(3.27)		(2.82)
T + 1		0.575^*		0.518^*
T + 1		(2.40)		(2.15)
T + 2		0.691^**		0.660^**
T + 2		(2.84)		(2.70)
T + 3		0.391		0.459⁺
T + 3		(1.55)		(1.83)
T + 4 or more		0.147		0.271
T + 4 or more		(0.63)		(1.16)
Job change (lead and lag variables)
T −4			− 0.302^***	− 0.318^***
T −4			(− 4.37)	(− 4.49)
T −3			− 0.407^***	− 0.436^***
T −3			(− 5.32)	(− 5.54)
T −2			− 0.587^***	− 0.610^***
T −2			(− 7.90)	(− 7.96)
T −1			− 1.111^***	− 1.135^***
T −1			(− 14.89)	(− 14.98)
T			0.349^***	0.323^***
T			(5.20)	(4.73)
T + 1			0.199^**	0.179^**
T + 1			(3.23)	(2.84)
T + 2			0.198^***	0.172^**
T + 2			(3.57)	(3.02)
T + 3			0.064	0.051
T + 3			(1.27)	(0.99)
T + 4 or more			0.064	0.064
T + 4 or more			(1.62)	(1.62)
Job
ln(net income (earned))	0.516^***	0.519^***	0.459^***	0.459^***
ln(net income (earned))	(7.78)	(7.84)	(7.13)	(7.14)
Experience (full-time. years)	− 0.115	− 0.115	− 0.110	− 0.112
Experience (full-time. years)	(− 1.28)	(− 1.28)	(− 1.23)	(− 1.25)
Experience (part-time. years)	− 0.099	− 0.010	− 0.094	− 0.097
Experience (part-time. years)	(− 1.09)	(− 1.10)	(− 1.04)	(− 1.07)
Experience (unemployment. years)	0.322	0.318	0.058	0.051
Experience (unemployment. years)	(1.64)	(1.62)	(0.32)	(0.28)
Activity is job	0.026	0.027	0.039	0.040
Activity is job	(0.66)	(0.69)	(1.02)	(1.05)
Working hours/week	− 0.010	− 0.010	− 0.010	− 0.010
Working hours/week	(− 1.14)	(− 1.11)	(− 1.21)	(− 1.18)
Working hours²/100	0.015	0.015	0.015	0.015
Working hours²/100	(1.54)	(1.51)	(1.59)	(1.56)
Prefers to work # hours less	− 0.013^***	− 0.013^***	− 0.013^***	− 0.013^***
Prefers to work # hours less	(− 6.21)	(− 6.20)	(− 6.31)	(− 6.28)
Prefers to work # hours more	− 0.018^***	− 0.018^***	− 0.018^***	− 0.018^***
Prefers to work # hours more	(− 4.52)	(− 4.52)	(− 4.53)	(− 4.54)
Part-time	0.058	0.060	0.060	0.061
Part-time	(0.66)	(0.69)	(0.70)	(0.72)
Liberal professions	0.206	0.202	0.240⁺	0.249⁺
Liberal professions	(1.39)	(1.37)	(1.65)	(1.72)
Controls (for details see Appendix 1)
Occupation and industry	✓	✓	✓	✓
Person and household	✓	✓	✓	✓
Region	✓	✓	✓	✓
Years	✓	✓	✓	✓
R ² within	0.0277	0.0286	0.0487	0.0492
Min. observations/individual#	2	2	2	2
Max. observations/individual	17	17	17	17
Mean observations/individual	5.727	5.727	5.727	5.727
Individuals	6488	6488	6488	6488
Observations	37,158	37,158	37,158	37,158

t-Statistics based on robust standard errors in parentheses; sample: age 15–64; # To be read as: For an individual with 2 observations we could use 2 years. For each of these 2 years we additionally considered information about the same individual 4 years before and afterwards. A minimum of 2 observations per individual therefore encompass 2 times 9 = 18 observations
⁺ p < 0.10; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001

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