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Table 3 Hedonic hourly earnings regressions (OLS)

From: Can working conditions explain the return-to-entrepreneurship puzzle?Können Arbeitsbedingungen das „return-to-entrepreneurship puzzle“ erklären?

Dependent variable: logarithmic gross hourly earnings

Men

Women

Without working conditions

Including working conditions

Without working conditions

Including working conditions

Self-employed

(dummy)

− 0.069

(0.026)

− 0.071

(0.026)

− 0.180

(0.034)

− 0.184

(0.034)

Flexibility

(dummy)

n/a

0.041

(0.012)

n/a

0.043

(0.010)

Autonomy

Work outcome not prescribed in detail

(dummy)

n/a

0.007

(0.012)

n/a

− 0.019

(0.011)

Free how to perform work

(dummy)

n/a

0.004

(0.012)

n/a

0.024

(0.011)

Variety

Non-repetitive work

(dummy)

n/a

0.045

(0.013)

n/a

0.043

(0.011)

New tasks

(dummy)

n/a

0.026

(0.013)

n/a

0.009

(0.012)

Trying new things

(dummy)

n/a

− 0.009

(0.014)

n/a

0.014

(0.013)

Strained by risk

(dummy)

n/a

0.005

(0.021)

n/a

− 0.027

(0.022)

Pressure

(dummy)

n/a

0.043

(0.013)

n/a

0.014

(0.011)

Overstrain

(dummy)

n/a

− 0.008

(0.012)

n/a

0.028

(0.011)

Highest professional qualification (reference: none)

University (of applied sciences) degree

(dummy)

0.367

(0.033)

0.354

(0.033)

0.300

(0.026)

0.287

(0.026)

Master craftsmen/state certified technician/business administrator, etc.

(dummy)

0.181

(0.033)

0.173

(0.033)

0.154

(0.030)

0.152

(0.030)

Vocational training

(dummy)

0.153

(0.030)

0.146

(0.030)

0.073

(0.023)

0.073

(0.023)

Working experience

(in years)

0.014

(0.002)

0.015

(0.002)

0.012

(0.002)

0.012

(0.002)

Working experience

(squared/100)

− 0.026

(0.005)

− 0.026

(0.005)

− 0.023

(0.004)

− 0.023

(0.004)

Working intermissions

(in years)

− 0.027

(0.005)

− 0.027

(0.005)

− 0.012

(0.003)

− 0.012

(0.003)

Working intermissions

(squared/100)

0.045

(0.035)

0.045

(0.035)

0.031

(0.015)

0.032

(0.015)

Tenure

(in years)

0.022

(0.002)

0.022

(0.002)

0.024

(0.002)

0.024

(0.002)

Tenure

(squared/100)

− 0.033

(0.005)

− 0.033

(0.005)

− 0.034

(0.004)

− 0.034

(0.004)

Skills required at work

(16 dummies)

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Tasks occurring at work

(17 dummies)

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Physical working environment

(11 dummies)

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Migration background

(dummy)

0.021

(0.022)

0.027

(0.022)

− 0.031

(0.019)

− 0.024

(0.019)

Family status

(5 dummies)

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Place of residence

(16Bundesländerdummies)

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Constant

2.131

(0.048)

2.061

(0.050)

1.999

(0.038)

1.938

(0.039)

No. of observations

6352

6352

6935

6935

R2

0.41

0.41

0.39

0.39

  1. The data set used is the BIBB/BAuA Employment Survey 2012. All working conditions are coded as dummies, 1 indicating a higher prevalence of the respective working condition. The precise questions underlying these variables are provided in the text (Sect. 2). The nine working conditions variables are jointly statistically significant at the 1 % level. Robust standard errors in brackets. Bold indicates statistical significance at the 5 % level