Can working conditions explain the return-to-entrepreneurship puzzle?

Lechmann, Daniel S. J.

doi:10.1007/s12651-015-0172-y

Journal for Labour Market Research

Table 2 Descriptive statistics

From: Can working conditions explain the return-to-entrepreneurship puzzle?Können Arbeitsbedingungen das „return-to-entrepreneurship puzzle“ erklären?

	Men					Women
	Self-employed (N = 800)		Paid employees (N = 5552)		Difference in means	Self-employed (M = 499)		Paid employees (N = 6436)		Difference in means
	Mean	Std. dev.	Mean	Std. dev.		Mean	Std. dev.	Mean	Std. dev.
Monthly gross earnings (in €)	4627	4798	3461	3361	1166	2520	2130	2168	1990	352
Hourly gross earnings (in €)	23.3	22.7	18.8	17.7	4.45	15.2	11.5	14.7	13.9	0.45
Working hours per week	48.0	15.7	42.5	9.27	5.56	39.6	16.9	33.5	11.3	6.10
Professional qualification
University (of applied sciences) degree (dummy)	0.44	0.50	0.22	0.42	0.22	0.41	0.49	0.20	0.40	0.21
Master craftsmen/state certified	0.19	0.39	0.12	0.32	0.07	0.07	0.26	0.05	0.22	0.02
technician/business administrator, etc. (dummy)
Vocational training (dummy)	0.32	0.46	0.61	0.49	− 0.29	0.46	0.50	0.67	0.47	− 0.21
No vocational degree (dummy)	0.06	0.24	0.06	0.23	0.01	0.06	0.24	0.08	0.27	− 0.02
Working experience (in years)	28.5	11.7	24.3	11.7	4.21	26.0	11.8	25.4	11.7	0.65
Working intermissions (in years)	0.87	1.93	0.95	1.79	− 0.08	2.58	3.89	2.91	4.10	− 0.33
Tenure at current job (in years)	13.8	10.3	13.4	11.2	0.43	10.6	8.82	12.4	10.5	− 1.82
Age (in years)	50.3	10.9	44.8	10.8	5.57	47.9	10.2	45.6	10.6	2.34
Married (dummy)	0.61	0.49	0.52	0.50	0.10	0.53	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.03
Migration background (dummy)	0.10	0.30	0.10	0.30	0.00	0.10	0.30	0.09	0.29	0.01
Self-employed parent (dummy)	0.24	0.43	0.12	0.32	0.13	0.24	0.43	0.13	0.34	0.11
Flexibility (dummy)	0.56	0.50	0.58	0.49	− 0.02	0.57	0.50	0.62	0.49	− 0.05
Work outcome not prescribed in detail (dummy)	0.56	0.50	0.48	0.50	0.08	0.59	0.49	0.54	0.50	0.05
Free how to perform work (dummy)	0.67	0.47	0.48	0.50	0.19	0.71	0.45	0.44	0.50	0.27
Non-repetitive work (dummy)	0.68	0.47	0.57	0.50	0.11	0.58	0.49	0.43	0.50	0.15
New tasks (dummy)	0.57	0.50	0.44	0.50	0.12	0.49	0.50	0.33	0.47	0.16
Trying new things (dummy)	0.37	0.48	0.29	0.46	0.08	0.38	0.49	0.24	0.43	0.14
Exposure to risk (dummy)	0.53	0.50	0.49	0.50	0.04	0.33	0.47	0.28	0.45	0.06
Strained by risk (dummy)	0.10	0.30	0.08	0.28	0.02	0.06	0.23	0.05	0.22	0.01
Pressure (dummy)	0.58	0.49	0.56	0.50	0.02	0.48	0.50	0.51	0.50	− 0.03
Overstrain (dummy)	0.59	0.49	0.54	0.50	0.05	0.53	0.50	0.53	0.50	− 0.01

The data set used is the BIBB/BAuA Employment Survey 2012. Bold indicates statistical significance at the 5 % level (t-test). The precise measurement of earnings and working conditions is provided in the text (Sect. 2)

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