Is innovative firm behavior correlated with age and gender composition of the workforce? Evidence from a new type of data for German enterprises

Journal for Labour Market Research

Table 3 Fractional logit regressions for the share of R&D employment in total employment

Explanatory variables	(1) Coefficient	(2) Standard error	(3) p-value	(4) Average marginal effect	(5) Marginal effect at means	(6) Elasticity at means
Employees 30–49 years (%)	0.001420	0.004919	0.7730	0.000031	0.000017	0.0808
Employees 50 years or older (%)	−0.020856	0.004195	<0.0001	−0.000448	−0.000243	−0.5205
Female employees (%)	0.005210	0.001854	0.0050	0.000112	0.000061	0.1551
Medium qualified employees (%)	0.003722	0.001985	0.0610	0.000080	0.000043	0.2263
Highly qualified employees (%)	0.056255	0.004145	<0.0001	0.001208	0.000654	0.3350
Part-time employees (%)	−0.014297	0.002958	<0.0001	−0.000307	−0.000166	−0.2569
Firm size (number of employees)	0.000040	0.000017	0.0200	8.50e-07	4.60e-07	0.0168
Firm size (squared)	−3.00e-10	1.89e-10	0.1120	−6.45e-12	−3.49e-12	−0.0040
Constant	−9.043343	0.949547	<0.0001
Pseudo R ² (McFadden)	0.1594

Note: Fractional logit regressions for share of R&D employment in total employment. All models include dummy variables for years and 2digit-level industries. Robust standard errors for coefficients clustered at the firm level. The data are from a balanced panel (4 years from 2003 to 2006) with a total of 16,900 yearly observations for 4,225 enterprises