Times of change: what drives the growth of work arrangements in Germany?

Journal for Labour Market Research

Table 4 Composition of employment by different work arrangements and age groups in 1991 and 2011, in % of total employed

	15–24		25–44		45–54		55+
	1991	2011	1991	2011	1991	2011	1991	2011
Standard Work Arrangements	56.0	27.4	75.1	61.0	75.0	63.9	70.2	58.5
Self-employed workers	0.6	0.3	3.9	3.8	6.0	6.0	9.2	7.6
Permanent workers (>31 h/W)^a	55.4	27.1	71.2	57.1	69.0	57.9	61.0	50.9
Nonstandard Work Arrangements	12.2	36.7	22.7	37.0	23.1	35.1	25.6	39.6
Part-time workers (<32 h/W)^b	3.0	5.9	12.2	15.7	13.9	17.4	10.6	14.9
“Marginal” part-time workers	2.0	15.8	2.5	7.8	2.3	7.7	5.1	13.7
Fixed-term contracts (>31 h/W)^c	6.0	11.8	4.2	6.3	2.9	2.4	2.5	1.7
Agency workers (>31 h/W)^d	0.5	2.1	0.3	1.5	0.1	0.9	0.1	0.6
One-person-businesses	0.7	1.1	3.5	5.7	3.9	6.6	7.4	8.7
Specific Work Arrangements	31.8	35.9	2.1	2.1	1.8	1.0	4.2	1.9
Apprentices	24.8	32.9	0.4	0.9	0.1	0.1	0.0	0.0
Soldiers, alternatives to military services, others^e	6.5	2.7	0.9	0.9	0.4	0.4	0.1	0.2
Related family workers	0.4	0.3	0.8	0.2	1.4	0.5	4.1	1.6
Total, in percentages	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total, in thousands	5.920	4.381	18.574	17.484	8.682	11.029	3.881	6.975

^aExcluding agency workers
^bIncluding fixed-term contracts and agency workers
^cIncluding agency workers
^dExcluding fixed-term contracts and part-time workers. Because of missing data the share of agency workers employed on a part-time basis needed to be estimated for the period 1991 to 1996. We assume a share of 2 %. The share of agency workers employed on a temporary basis is also estimated. According to indications by the agency industry different shares are assumed: 25 % for the period 1991 to 2003 and 33,3 % for the period 2004 to 2010
^eIncluding workers who do indicate whether their contract is on a permanent or temporary basis
Source: Destatis 2012 (Labour Force Survey); Federal Employment Agency; own calculations