Times of change: what drives the growth of work arrangements in Germany?

Journal for Labour Market Research

Table 3 Composition of employment by different work arrangements and gender in 1991 and 2011, in % of total employed

	Women		Men
	1991	2011	1991	2011
Standard Work Arrangements	56.8	42.2	82.0	70.9
Self-employed workers	2.2	2.5	6.0	6.6
Permanent workers (>31 h/W)^a	54.6	39.7	76.0	64.3
Nonstandard Work Arrangements	36.1	52.8	11.0	23.3
Part-time workers (<32 h/W)^b	24.5	28.2	1.3	3.7
“Marginal” part-time workers	4.7	14.8	1.1	5.4
Fixed-term contracts (>31 h/W)^c	4.2	4.6	3.9	5.4
Agency workers (>31 h/W)^d	0.2	0.7	0.4	1.7
One-person-businesses	2.5	4.6	4.3	7.1
Specific Work Arrangements	7.0	5.0	7.0	5.8
Apprentices	4.6	3.9	3.9	4.2
Soldiers, alternatives to military services, others^e	0.0	0.3	2.7	1.3
Related family workers	2.5	0.8	0.3	0.3
Total, in percentages	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total, in thousands	15.415	18.370	21.641	21.499

^aExcluding agency workers
^bIncluding fixed-term contracts and agency workers
^cIncluding agency workers
^dExcluding fixed-term contracts and part-time workers. Because of missing data the share of agency workers employed on a part-time basis needed to be estimated for the period 1991 to 1996. We assume a share of 2 %. The share of agency workers employed on a temporary basis is also estimated. According to indications by the agency industry different shares are assumed: 25 % for the period 1991 to 2003 and 33,3 % for the period 2004 to 2010
^eIncluding workers who do indicate whether their contract is on a permanent or temporary basis
Source: Destatis 2012 (Labour Force Survey); Federal Employment Agency; own calculations