Average wage, qualification of the workforce and export performance in German enterprises: evidence from KombiFiD data

Journal for Labour Market Research

Table 4 Exports and firm characteristics: West Germany, manufacturing industries, 2006

Dependent variable		Estimation method:
		Exporter (Dummy; 1 = yes)		Share of exports in total sales (Percent)
		Probit		OLS		Fractional logit
Average wage (Euro)	β	5.55e–6		0.00057		0.000033
Average wage (Euro)	P	0.000		0.000		0.000
Share of highly qualified employees (Percent)	β		0.0064		0.595		0.032
Share of highly qualified employees (Percent)	p		0.000		0.000		0.000
Share of medium qualified employees (Percent)	β		−0.00014		0.035		0.002
Share of medium qualified employees (Percent)	P		0.629		0.041		0.030
Capital intensity (Euro)	β	−1.28e–7	−2.62e–9	9.91e–6	0.00002	5.14e–7	1.13e-6
Capital intensity (Euro)	P	0.059	0.970	0.018	0.000	0.027	0.000
R&D intensity (Percent)	β	0.016	0.013	1.138	0. 944	0.047	0.035
R&D intensity (Percent)	P	0.017	0.050	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.003
Firm size (Number of persons)	β	0.00014	0.00015	0.0015	0.0016	0.000078	0.000087
Firm size (Number of persons)	P	0.000	0.000	0.001	0.001	0.007	0.011
Firm size (squared)	β	−8.82e–10	−9.57e–10	−9.54e–9	−9.96e–9	−4.96e–10	−5.56e–10
Firm size (squared)	P	0.000	0.000	0.001	0.002	0.010	0.015
Number of firms		3,609	3,609	4,431	4,431	4,431	4,431

Note: For a definition of the variables see text. All empirical models include 4 digit industry dummy variables and a constant. β is the estimated regression coefficient, p is the prob-value. Marginal effects at the mean are reported for the Probit estimates. The fractional logit model is estimated with glm using fam(bin) and link(logit). A robust estimator of variance was used for all estimates