Sectoral differences in downward real wage rigidity: workforce composition, institutions, technology and competition

Journal for Labour Market Research

Table 1 Labour force composition, wages and sector characteristics—averages over time

Sector	Pct of white-collars	Average age	Median earnings^a	Average bonus^b	Median firm size^c	Median K/L^d	Profit elasticity^e	Pct blue-collars under firm-level agr.^f
Food	41.66	36.15	72.41	2671	6	17.8	7.957	35.50
Textile	33.62	36.75	58.35	968	11	11.1	9.514	11.34
Wood and paper	43.54	36.84	79.10	2326	4	18.5	7.436	27.51
Chemicals	60.27	37.87	101.34	4122	13	20.7	7.809	54.80
Non metal	34.39	38.86	78.24	2292	7	20.5	8.514	37.49
Metal	35.08	38.44	81.63	2509	7	13.8	8.119	38.65
Machinery and equip.	47.51	37.46	81.11	2930	7	10.6	8.642	30.54
Transport equipment	28.27	37.55	89.84	2428	11	11.4	9.877	42.89
Other manufacturing	22.93	36.81	60.73	1327	5	12.3	9.159	14.44
Construction	21.29	36.77	68.86	875	4	10.0	8.432	2.38
Trade	72.58	36.20	71.02	3073	3	14.5	9.821	15.10
Hotels and restaurants	36.87	34.12	53.67	354	3	11.8	8.189	10.15
Transport and storage	46.14	37.41	74.29	1772	5	22.4	5.784	20.58
Financial services	97.79	38.44	104.34	6043	2	16.2	5.473	34.02
Business services	83.13	35.13	83.64	3354	2	19.5	6.007	3.61
Mean	47.01	36.99	77.24	2469	6.0	15.4	8.049	25.27
Standard deviation	22.25	1.26	14.34	1415	3.4	4.20	1.388	15.54

^aGross total daily earnings in euro
^bAnnual bonuses in euro
^cNumber of employees
^dMedian capital-labour ratio measured in thousands of euro
^eValues calculated for each branch and year. The table reports median over years
^fPercentage of blue-collar workers employed in firms with single-employer agreement