Table 3 The effect of outsourcing on employment change, 2002–2004, OLS estimates
Variable | Specification | ||
|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | |
Expanded use of bought-in products and services, 2002–2004 | 0.009 | ||
(0.014) | |||
Ratio of externally sourced inputs to value added, 2002 | 0.001 | ||
(0.0004) | |||
Change in ratio of externally sourced inputs to value added, 2002–2004 | −0.001 | ||
(0.001) | |||
Sales per employee | −2.83e-06 | −4.05e-06 | 4.48e-07 |
(6.03e-06) | (6.06e-06) | (5.75e-06) | |
Export share | −0.00005 | −6.05e-06 | −0.00003 |
(0.0002) | (0.0002) | (0.0003) | |
Increasing sales expected | 0.058*** | 0.057*** | 0.055*** |
(0.010) | (0.011) | (0.011) | |
Investments in ICT | 0.050*** | 0.052*** | 0.050*** |
(0.010) | (0.011) | (0.011) | |
Investments in production facilities | 0.038*** | 0.040*** | 0.037*** |
(0.010) | (0.010) | (0.011) | |
State-of-the-art technology | 0.017* | 0.018* | 0.013 |
(0.009) | (0.010) | (0.010) | |
Establishment size 21–100 | −0.007 | −0.008 | −0.004 |
(0.012) | (0.012) | (0.012) | |
Establishment size 101–1,000 | −0.053*** | −0.063*** | −0.048*** |
(0.016) | (0.017) | (0.017) | |
Establishment size 1,001 and more | −0.056** | −0.069*** | −0.040 |
(0.022) | (0.031) | (0.033) | |
Wages per employee | −0.007 | −0.007 | −0.011 |
(0.006) | (0.006) | (0.006) | |
Share of high-skilled workers | −0.022 | −0.019 | −0.008 |
(0.019) | (0.019) | (0.020) | |
Separations rate | 0.058 | 0.059 | −0.023 |
(0.037) | (0.038) | (0.079) | |
Share of fixed-term workers | 0.092** | 0.110** | 0.119** |
(0.050) | (0.044) | (0.046) | |
Works council | −0.007 | −0.001 | −0.013 |
(0.013) | (0.013) | (0.014) | |
Collective agreement | −0.011 | −0.012 | −0.003 |
(0.010) | (0.010) | (0.011) | |
Western Germany | 0.028*** | 0.029*** | 0.027** |
(0.010) | (0.011) | (0.011) | |
Establishment founded before 1990 | −0.014 | −0.010 | −0.012 |
(0.010) | (0.010) | (0.010) | |
Single-establishment firm (without subsidiaries) | −0.012 | −0.016 | −0.006 |
(0.011) | (0.011) | (0.012) | |
Legal form (omitted category: sole trader) | |||
Partnership | 0.003 | 0.002 | −0.006 |
(0.017) | (0.018) | (0.018) | |
Limited liability corporation | 0.015 | 0.015 | 0.007 |
(0.013) | (0.013) | (0.014) | |
Company limited by shares | 0.006 | 0.003 | −0.006 |
(0.024) | (0.025) | (0.027) | |
Public corporation | 0.087 | 0.055 | 0.064 |
(0.068) | (0.073) | (0.083) | |
Other legal form | −0.013 | −0.023 | 0.007 |
(0.035) | (0.037) | (0.039) | |
R 2 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.07 |
N | 4,541 | 4,313 | 3,495 |