Table 4 Results of panel unit root tests (p-values) for variables in the migration model
Test used: | p-val. LLC | Lags | p-val. IPS | Lags | p-val. CADF | Lags |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
\( { H_0 } \): All series are non-stationary | ||||||
\( { nm_{ij,t} } \) | (0.00) | 1.47 | (0.03) | 1.47 | (0.00) | 1.00 |
\( { u_{i,t} } \) | (0.00) | 3.20 | (0.00) | 3.20 | (0.00) | 1.00 |
\( { u_{j,t} } \) | (0.99) | 3.81 | (0.00) | 0.22 | (0.00) | 1.00 |
\( { y_{i,t} } \) | (0.00) | 1.35 | (0.00) | 1.35 | (0.00) | 1.00 |
\( { y_{j,t} } \) | (0.00) | 0.00 | (0.00) | 0.00 | (0.00) | 1.00 |
\( { \tilde{u}_{ij,t} } \) | (0.00) | 3.30 | (0.00) | 3.30 | (0.00) | 1.00 |
\( { \tilde{y}_{ij,t} } \) | (0.00) | 1.44 | (0.00) | 1.44 | (0.00) | 1.00 |