Gender wage gap in European emerging markets: a meta-analytic perspective

Journal for Labour Market Research

Table 6 Meta-regression analysis of publication selection bias: All studies

Estimator	Unrestricted WLS	WLS with bootstrapped standard errors	Cluster-robust	Random-effects panel ML	IV
Estimator	Unrestricted WLS	WLS with bootstrapped standard errors	WLS	Random-effects panel ML	IV
	[1]	[2]	[3]	[4]	[5]
(a). FAT–PET test (Equation: t = γ₀ + γ₁(1/SE) + v)
Intercept (FAT: H₀: γ ₀ = 0)	− 6.4514^*** (1.038)	− 6.4514^*** (0.996)	− 6.4514^* ( 3.831)	− 9.4834 ( 7.115)	− 3.4118^** (1.734)
1/SE (PET: H₀: γ ₁ = 0)	− 0.0875^*** (0.013)	− 0.0875^*** (0.013)	− 0.0875^* (0.049)	− 0.0569^** (0.027)	− 0.1076^*** (0.009)
K	670	670	670	670	670
R2	0.4	0.399	0.4	0.4	0.379

Estimator	Unrestricted WLS	WLS with bootstrapped standard errors	Cluster-robust	Random-effects panel ML	IV
Estimator	Unrestricted WLS	WLS with bootstrapped standard errors	WLS	Random-effects panel ML	IV
Model	[6]	[7]	[8]	[9]	[10]
(b). EESE approach (Equation: t = γ ₀SE + γ ₁(1/SE) + v)
SE	− 111.5465^*** (18.967)	− 111.5465^*** (16.454)	− 111.547 (68.935)	165.6966^*** (31.308)	388.5471 (494.315)
1/SE (H₀: γ ₁ = 0)	− 0.0970^*** (0.012)	− 0.0970^*** (0.011)	− 0.0970^** (0.044)	− 0.0513^*** (0.006)	− 0.4378 (0.32)
K	670	670	670	670	670
R2	0.524	0.523	0.524	–	-

This table reports the test results for publication selection bias in estimates of the gender dummy variable reported in 53 research works listed in Additional file 1: Table S1 and Additional file 2: Bibliography of studies subject to meta-analysis using the FAT–PET–PEESE procudure. See Table 1 for the descriptive statistics of the estimates. The Appendix describes the methodology applied in this table. Figures in parentheses beneath the regression coefficients are standard errors. Models [3], [4], and [8] report standard errors clustered by study. Models [5] and [10] use the inverse of the square root of the number of observations used as an instrument of the standard error
*** and ** denote statistical significance at the 1% and 5% levels, respectively
^aHausman test: χ² = 0.55, p = 0.4571