Table 4 Meta-regression analysis of literature heterogeneity: Estimation using all moderators

EU membership status (2004 member)

 2007 and 2013 member

0.0392

(0.037)

0.0729

(0.050)

0.0045

(0.013)

0.0047

(0.014)

− 0.0036

(0.011)

 Membership candidate

− 0.0498 ^**

(0.023)

− 0.0748 ^*

(0.046)

0.0408

(0.026)

0.0416

(0.027)

− 0.0922 ^*

(0.054)

 Nonmember

− 0.0054

(0.038)

− 0.0242

(0.041)

− 0.0617^***

(0.018)

− 0.0614^***

(0.018)

− 0.0750^***

(0.004)

Estimation period

 Average estimation year

0.0065^***

(0.001)

0.0057^***

(0.001)

0.0031 ^**

(0.001)

0.0032 ^**

(0.001)

0.0012

(0.002)

Taget region (region unspecified)

 Urban region

− 0.0642

(0.044)

− 0.1651^***

(0.061)

− 0.0577^*

(0.035)

− 0.0580

(0.036)

− 0.0216^***

(0.001)

 Rural region

0.0402

(0.067)

− 0.0387

(0.046)

− 0.0508

(0.043)

− 0.0503

(0.044)

dropped

Target cohort (cohort unspecified)

 Young age

− 0.1368^**

(0.064)

− 0.0620

(0.074)

0.0094

(0.020)

0.0081

(0.021)

0.0646^***

(0.011)

 Middle age

− 0.0425

(0.064)

0.0507

(0.074)

0.1033^***

(0.020)

0.1020^***

(0.021)

0.1585^***

(0.011)

 Older age

0.0810

(0.064)

0.1740^**

(0.074)

0.2266 ^***

(0.020)

0.2254^***

(0.021)

0.2818^***

(0.011)

Target firm ownership (ownership unspecified)

 State enterprise

− 0.0571^***

(0.021)

− 0.0175

(0.027)

− 0.0375^**

(0.018)

− 0.0375^**

(0.018)

− 0.0375^**

(0.017)

 Private firm

0.0383^*

(0.020)

0.0150

(0.024)

0.0391^*

(0.022)

0.0391^*

(0.023)

0.0389

(0.024)

Payment period (monthly)

 Annual

0.0432

(0.040)

0.0394

(0.041)

0.0262

(0.041)

0.0265

(0.042)

dropped

 Weekly

0.0494^*

(0.029)

− 0.0046

(0.029)

− 0.0247

(0.029)

− 0.0242

(0.029)

dropped

 Hourly

0.0258

(0.023)

− 0.0306

(0.029)

0.0789^***

(0.009)

0.0787^***

(0.009)

0.0874^***

(0.009)

Data type (cross-sectional data)

  Panel data

0.0360

(0.051)

0.0743

(0.060)

0.0121

(0.040)

0.0125

(0.041)

dropped

Survey data used (government statistics)

 Original household survey

0.0018

(0.030)

0.0809^**

(0.037)

0.0177

(0.015)

0.0176

(0.016)

0.0188^***

(0.004)

Estimator

 Non-OLS (OLS)

0.0289

(0.027)

0.0078

(0.016)

0.0254^**

(0.012)

0.0255^**

(0.013)

0.0200

(0.015)

 IV/2SLS/3SLS

− 0.0324

(0.042)

− 0.0890

(0.056)

0.0438

(0.045)

0.0434

(0.046)

dropped

Control for selection bias

 Control for selection bias

0.0501

(0.045)

0.0926^***

(0.034)

0.0670^**

(0.033)

0.0670^**

(0.034)

0.0617

(0.053)

Selection of control variable

 Occupation

0.0132

(0.026)

0.0135

(0.025)

− 0.0271

(0.021)

− 0.0269

(0.022)

− 0.0363

(0.023)

 Health

− 0.0204

(0.078)

0.0022

(0.099)

0.0034

(0.049)

0.0032

(0.051)

dropped

 Firm size

− 0.0374

(0.036)

0.0087

(0.033)

− 0.0092

(0.018)

− 0.0092

(0.018)

− 0.0155

(0.022)

 Trade union

0.0085

(0.059)

0.0239

(0.040)

0.0998

(0.062)

0.0995

(0.063)

0.1121^*

(0.067)

 Location fixed effects

0.0489^**

(0.023)

0.0227

(0.025)

0.0261

(0.017)

0.0261

(0.017)

0.0396^*

(0.020)

 Industry fixed effects

0.0015

(0.039)

− 0.0195

(0.037)

0.0322 ^*

(0.019)

0.0321

(0.020)

0.0370

(0.023)

 Time fixed effects

− 0.0051

(0.046)

− 0.0566

(0.056)

0.0604^**

(0.025)

0.0598^**

(0.026)

0.0881 ^***

(0.020)

Quality level

 Quality level

− 0.0001

(0.003)

− 0.0057^**

(0.003)

− 0.0031

(0.003)

− 0.0031

(0.003)

dropped

 SE

− 0.1479

(0.425)

− 1.9418^**

(0.819)

0.5074^*

(0.265)

0.5040^*

(0.271)

0.6273^**

(0.248)

 Intercept

− 13.1792^***

(2.227)

− 11.4567^***

(1.871)

− 6.4962^**

(2.730)

− 6.5623^**

(2.778)

− 2.7206

(3.304)

 K

670

670

670

670

670

 R²

0.325

0.556

–

0.123

0.041