Gender wage gap in European emerging markets: a meta-analytic perspective

Iwasaki, Ichiro; Satogami, Mihoko

doi:10.1186/s12651-023-00333-y

Journal for Labour Market Research

Table 2 Synthesis of estimates

From: Gender wage gap in European emerging markets: a meta-analytic perspective

Study type	Number of estimates (K)	(a) Traditional synthesis		(b) Heterogeneity test and measures			(c) Unrestricted weighted least squares average (UWA)
Study type	Number of estimates (K)	Fixed-effect model (z value)^a	Random-effects model (z value)^a	Cochran's Q test of homogeneity (p value)^b	I² statistic^c	H² statistic^d	UWA of all estimates (t value)^a,e	Number of the adequately powered estimates^f	WAAP (weighted average of the adequately powered estimates) (t value)^a	Median S.E. of estimates	Median statistical power
All studies	670	− 0.098^*** (− 765.4)	− 0.173^*** (− 38.9)	540,000^*** (0.00)	99.9	1134.8	−0.098^*** (− 26.9)	620	− 0.098^*** (− 25.9)	0.018	1.000
By EU membership status
2004 member	265	− 0.097^*** (− 741.1)	− 0.186^*** (− 25.9)	510,000^*** (0.00)	100.0	2903.9	− 0.097^*** (− 16.9)	245	− 0.097^*** (− 16.2)	0.008	1.000
2007 and 2013 member	85	− 0.104^*** (− 97.9)	− 0.145^*** (− 11.0)	11,589^*** (0.00)	99.3	147.5	−0.104^*** (− 8.3)	81	− 0.104^*** (− 8.1)	0.013	1.000
Membership candidate	19	− 0.062^*** (− 9.7)	− 0.009 (− 0.4)	276*** (0.00)	89.7	9.7	− 0.062^** (− 2.5)	3	− 0.176^*** (− 36.4)	0.033	0.469
Nonmember	301	− 0.190^*** (− 188.2)	− 0.180^*** (− 29.8)	13,346^*** (0.00)	97.1	34.3	− 0.190^*** (− 28.2)	289	− 0.190^*** (− 27.7)	0.020	1.000
By period
1995 or before	163	− 0.206^*** (− 252.9)	− 0.233^*** (− 25.5)	14,967^*** (0.00)	99.2	117.5	− 0.206^*** (− 26.3)	157	− 0.206^*** (− 25.8)	0.021	1.000
1996–2005	300	− 0.171^*** (− 844.9)	− 0.182^*** (− 30.5)	180,000^*** (0.00)	99.9	804.3	− 0.171^*** (− 34.9)	290	− 0.171^*** (− 34.3)	0.018	1.000
2006 or later	207	− 0.042^*** (− 250.2)	− 0.113^*** (− 16.1)	97,341^*** (0.00)	99.9	1555.3	− 0.042^*** (− 11.5)	89	− 0.042^*** (− 7.6)	0.018	0.648

Notes: This table reports meta-synthesis results of estimates of the gender dummy variable reported in 53 research works listed in Additional file 1: Table S1 and Additional file 2: Bibliography of studies subject to meta-analysis. See Table 1 for the descriptive statistics of estimates. The Appendix describe the methodology of meta-synthesis applied in this table
^*** and ** denote statistical significance at the 1% and 5% levels, respectively
^aNull hypothesis: The synthesized effect size is zero
^bNull hypothesis: Effect sizes are homogeneous
^cRanges between 0 and 100% with larger scores indicating heterogeneity
^dTakes zero in the case of homogeneity
^eSynthesis method advocated by Stanley and Doucouliagos (2017) andStanley et al. (2017)
^fDenotes number of estimates with statistical power of 0.80 or more, which is computed by referring to the UWA of all collected estimates

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