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Table 9 Industry-level variation in legislated permission to work, by lockdown level.

From: Lockdown stringency and employment formality: evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

SIC code

Industry description

Level 5

Level 4

Level 3

Mean PI index

10

Private households

   

0.457

10

Private households with employed persons

0

0

1

0.457

11

Other

   

0.477

20

Exterritorial organisations

1

1

1

0.453

30

Representatives of foreign governments

1

1

1

0.500

1

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing

   

0.510

111

Growing of crops; market gardening; horticulture

1

1

1

0.465

112

Farming of animals

1

1

1

0.470

113

Growing of crops combined with farming of animals (mixed farming)

1

1

1

0.451

114

Agricultural and animal husbandry services, except veterinary activities

1

1

1

0.449

115

Hunting, trapping and game propagation, including related services

1

1

1

0.382

116

Production of organic fertilizer

1

1

1

0.514

121

Forestry and related services

0

1

1

0.467

122

Logging and related services

0

1

1

0.505

131

Ocean and coastal fishing

1

1

1

0.591

132

Fish hatcheries and fish farms

1

1

1

0.806

2

Mining and Quarrying

   

0.581

210

Mining of coal and lignite

1

1

1

0.564

230

Mining of gold and uranium ore

0.25

0.5

1

0.577

240

Mining of metal ores, except gold and uranium

0.25

1

1

0.645

241

Mining of iron ore

0.25

1

1

0.560

242

Mining of non-ferrous metal ores, except gold and uranium

0.25

0.5

1

0.569

251

Stone quarrying, clay and sandpits

0.25

1

1

0.568

252

Mining of diamonds

0.25

1

1

0.615

253

Mining and quarrying not elsewhere classified

0.25

0.5

1

0.547

3

Manufacturing

   

0.557

301

Production, processing and preservation of meat, fish, fruit, vegetables, oils and fats

1

1

1

0.616

302

Manufacture of dairy products

1

1

1

0.575

303

Manufacture of grain mill products, starches and starch products and prepared animal feeds

1

1

1

0.610

304

Manufacture of other food products

1

1

1

0.569

305

Manufacture of beverages

0.8

0.8

1

0.530

306

Manufacture of tobacco products

1

1

1

0.554

311

Spinning, weaving and finishing of textiles

0.25

0.5

1

0.591

312

Manufacture of other textiles

0.25

0.5

1

0.535

313

Manufacture of knitted and crocheted fabrics and articles

0.25

0.5

1

0.583

314

Manufacture of wearing apparel, except fur apparel

0.25

0.5

1

0.519

316

Tanning and dressing of leather; manufacture of luggage, handbag, saddlery and harness

0.25

0.5

1

0.504

317

Manufacture of footwear

0.25

0.5

1

0.573

321

Sawmilling and planing of wood

0

0.5

1

0.526

322

Manufacture of products of wood, cork, straw and plaiting materials

0

0.5

1

0.584

323

Manufacture of paper and paper products

1

1

1

0.550

324

Publishing

0

0.5

1

0.485

325

Printing and service activities related to printing

0

0.5

1

0.482

332

Petroleum refineries and synthesisers

1

1

1

0.585

333

Processing of nuclear fuel

1

1

1

0.488

334

Manufacture of basic chemicals

0

0.2

1

0.588

335

Manufacture of other chemical products

0

0.2

1

0.577

337

Manufacture of rubber products

0

0.5

1

0.524

338

Manufacture of plastic products

1

1

1

0.587

341

Manufacture of glass and glass products

1

1

1

0.577

342

Manufacture of non-metallic mineral products not elsewhere classified

0

0.2

1

0.547

351

Manufacture of basic iron and steel

0

0.5

1

0.563

352

Manufacture of basic precious and non-ferrous metals

0

0.5

1

0.571

354

Manufacture of structural metal products, tanks, reservoirs and steam generators

0

0.5

1

0.537

355

Manufacture of other fabricated metal products; metalwork service activities

0

0.5

1

0.532

356

Manufacture of general purpose machinery

0

0.5

1

0.566

357

Manufacture of special purpose machinery

0

0.5

1

0.538

358

Manufacture of household appliances not elsewhere classified

0

0.2

1

0.599

359

Manufacture of office, accounting and computing machinery

0

0.2

1

0.581

361

Manufacture of electric motors, generators and transformers

0

0.2

1

0.550

362

Manufacture of electricity distribution and control apparatus

1

1

1

0.600

363

Manufacture of insulated wire and cable

0

0.2

1

0.584

364

Manufacture of accumulators, primary cells and primary batteries

0

0.2

1

0.557

365

Manufacture of electric lamps and lighting equipment

0

0.2

1

0.650

366

Manufacture of other electrical equipment not elsewhere classified

0

0.2

1

0.551

371

Manufacture of electronic valves and tubes and other electronic components

0

0.2

1

0.604

372

Manufacture of television and radio transmitters and apparatus for line telephony and line telegraphy

0

0.2

1

0.460

374

Manufacture of medical appliances and instruments and appliances for measuring, checking, testing, navigating and for other purposes, except optical instruments

1

1

1

0.557

375

Manufacture of optical instruments and photographic equipment

0

0.2

1

0.521

381

Manufacture of motor vehicles

0

0.5

1

0.554

382

Manufacture of bodies (coachwork) for motor vehicles; manufacture of trailers and semi-trailers

0

0.5

1

0.572

383

Manufacture of parts and accessories for motor vehicles and their engines

0

0.5

1

0.563

384

Building and repairing of ships and boats

0

0.2

1

0.620

385

Manufacture of railway and tramway locomotives and rolling stock

0

0.2

1

0.549

386

Manufacture of aircraft and space-craft

0

0.2

1

0.545

387

Manufacture of transport equipment not elsewhere classified

0

0.2

1

0.519

391

Manufacture of furniture

0

0.2

1

0.548

392

Manufacturing not elsewhere classified

0

0.2

1

0.573

395

Recycling not elsewhere classified

0

0.2

1

0.511

4

Electricity; gas and water supply

   

0.559

411

Production, collection and distribution of electricity

1

1

1

0.582

412

Manufacture of gas; distribution of gaseous fuels through mains

1

1

1

0.512

420

Collection, purification, and distribution of water

1

1

1

0.582

5

Construction

   

0.545

501

Site preparation

0.1

0.25

0.5

0.459

502

Building of complete constructions or parts thereof; civil engineering

0.1

0.25

0.5

0.573

503

Building installation

0.1

0.25

0.5

0.600

504

Building completion

0.1

0.25

0.5

0.589

505

Renting of construction of demolition equipment with operators

0.1

0.25

0.5

0.505

6

Wholesale and retail trade

   

0.580

611

Wholesale trade on a fee or contract basis

0.1

0.25

0.5

0.564

612

Wholesale trade in agricultural raw materials, livestock, food, beverages and tobacco

1

1

1

0.608

613

Wholesale trade in household goods

1

1

1

0.658

614

Wholesale trade in non-agricultural intermediate products, waste and scrap

1

1

1

0.553

615

Wholesale trade in machinery, equipment and supplies

0.1

0.25

1

0.490

619

Other wholesale trade

0.1

0.25

0.5

0.558

621

Non-specialised retail trade in stores

0.1

0.25

0.5

0.642

622

Retail trade in food, beverages and tobacco in specialised stores

0.75

0.8

0.9

0.619

623

Other retail trade in new goods in specialised stores

0.1

0.25

0.5

0.602

624

Retail trade in second-hand goods in stores

0.1

0.25

0.5

0.650

625

Retail trade not in stores

1

1

1

0.459

626

Repair of personal and household goods

0.1

0.25

1

0.560

631

Sale of motor vehicles

0

0

0.5

0.574

632

Maintenance and repair of motor vehicles

0.1

0.25

0.5

0.496

633

Sale of motor vehicle parts and accessories

0.1

0.25

0.5

0.578

634

Sale, maintenance and repair of motor cycles and related parts and accessories

0.1

0.25

0.5

0.609

635

Retail sale of automotive fuel

1

1

1

0.646

641

Hotels, camping sites and other provision of short-stay accommodation

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.553

642

Restaurants, bars and canteens

0

0.25

0.25

0.642

643

Shebeen

0

0

0.1

0.547

7

Transport, storage and communication

   

0.562

711

Railway transport

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.572

712

Other land transport

0.1

0.25

0.5

0.580

721

Sea and coastal water transport

0.1

0.25

0.5

0.513

730

Air transport

0.1

0.25

0.5

0.582

741

Supporting and auxiliary transport

0.1

0.25

0.5

0.588

751

Postal and related courier activities

0.1

0.1

0.25

0.584

752

Telecommunication

1

1

1

0.516

8

Finance

   

0.501

811

Monetary intermediation

1

1

1

0.526

818

Cash loans

1

1

1

0.491

819

Other financial intermediation not elsewhere classified

1

1

1

0.468

821

Insurance and pension funding, except compulsory social security

1

1

1

0.475

831

Activities auxiliary to financial intermediation, except insurance and pension funding

1

1

1

0.449

841

Real estate activities with own or leased property

0

0

0.5

0.408

842

Real estate activities on a fee or contract basis

0

0

0.5

0.453

851

Renting of transport equipment

0.4

0.6

1

0.555

852

Renting of other machinery and equipment

0.4

0.6

1

0.495

853

Renting of personal and household goods not elsewhere classified

0.4

0.6

1

0.517

862

Software consultancy and supply

1

1

1

0.471

863

Data processing

1

1

1

0.521

864

Data base activities

1

1

1

0.513

865

Maintenance and repair of office, accounting and computing machinery

0

0

0.25

0.504

869

Other computer related activities

1

1

1

0.542

871

Research and experimental development on natural sciences and engineering

1

1

1

0.519

881

Legal, accounting, bookkeeping and auditing activities; tax consultancy; market research and public-opinion research; business and management consultancy

1

1

1

0.457

882

Architectural, engineering and other technical activities

1

1

1

0.534

883

Advertising

1

1

1

0.543

889

Business activities not elsewhere classified

1

1

1

0.582

9

Community, social, and personal services

   

0.544

911

Central government activities

1

1

1

0.519

913

Local authority activities

1

1

1

0.528

914

Provincial administrations

1

1

1

0.500

915

SA Defence force

1

1

1

0.533

916

SA Police service

1

1

1

0.580

917

Correctional service

1

1

1

0.585

920

Education

0.1

0.1

0.25

0.605

931

Human health activities

1

1

1

0.620

932

Veterinary activities

1

1

1

0.575

933

Social work activities

0.5

1

1

0.597

940

Sewage and refuse disposal, sanitation and similar activities

1

1

1

0.487

951

Activities of business, employers and professional organisations

0.1

0.25

0.5

0.473

952

Activities of trade unions

0.1

0.25

0.5

0.516

959

Activities of other membership organisations

0

0

0

0.445

961

Motion picture, radio, television and other entertainment activities

0

0

0

0.519

962

News agency activities

1

1

1

0.495

963

Library, archives, museums and other cultural activities

0

0

0

0.545

964

Sporting and other recreational activities

0

0

0

0.585

990

Other service activities

0.1

0.25

0.5

0.621

  1. This table presents a list of industries using Standard industrial Classification (SIC) codes that were and were not permitted to work by legislation for each of South Africa’s lockdown levels during the period of study (levels 5, 4, and 3). In columns (3)–(5), 1 = permitted to work; 0 = not permitted to work. If a given industry was permitted to work but at a limited employment capacity, (0; 1) = the capacity in proportional terms. Column (6) presents the mean level of physical interaction for each industry according to the physical interaction index as described in Sect. 5. The values in italics denotes major industry groups or subheadings