Table 2 Covariate balance table, by treatment status and period.
From: Lockdown stringency and employment formality: evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa
Group | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2020Q1 (pre-lockdown) | 2020Q2 (lockdown) | Diff-in-Diff: (6)–(3) | |||||
Permitted to work (C) | Not permitted to work (T) | Diff: (2)–(1) | Permitted to work (C) | Not permitted to work (T) | Diff: (5)–(4) | ||
Observations | 7620 | 5523 | 7620 | 5523 | |||
Covariates | |||||||
Age (years) | 39.567 | 39.432 | − 0.135 | 39.652 | 39.645 | − 0.007 | 0.128 |
(10.647) | (11.016) | (0.209) | (10.679) | (10.938) | (0.217) | (0.095) | |
Female | 0.476 | 0.470 | − 0.007 | 0.464 | 0.460 | − 0.005 | 0.002 |
(0.499) | (0.499) | (0.010) | (0.499) | (0.498) | (0.010) | (0.003) | |
African/Black | 0.779 | 0.797 | 0.018** | 0.756 | 0.776 | 0.020** | 0.001 |
(0.415) | (0.402) | (0.008) | (0.429) | (0.417) | (0.009) | (0.003) | |
Urban | 0.735 | 0.729 | − 0.005 | 0.745 | 0.753 | 0.008 | 0.013 |
(0.441) | (0.444) | (0.008) | (0.436) | (0.431) | (0.008) | (0.011) | |
Primary education or less | 0.106 | 0.109 | 0.003 | 0.109 | 0.106 | − 0.003 | − 0.006 |
(0.308) | (0.312) | (0.006) | (0.312) | (0.307) | (0.006) | (0.004) | |
Secondary education incomplete | 0.343 | 0.370 | 0.027*** | 0.346 | 0.378 | 0.032*** | 0.005 |
(0.475) | (0.483) | (0.009) | (0.476) | (0.485) | (0.010) | (0.006) | |
Secondary education complete | 0.346 | 0.325 | − 0.021** | 0.348 | 0.325 | − 0.023** | − 0.003 |
(0.476) | (0.468) | (0.009) | (0.476) | (0.468) | (0.010) | (0.006) | |
Tertiary education | 0.205 | 0.196 | − 0.009 | 0.197 | 0.192 | − 0.005 | 0.004 |
(0.404) | (0.397) | (0.008) | (0.398) | (0.394) | (0.008) | (0.005) | |
Wage employment | 0.855 | 0.865 | 0.009 | 0.775 | 0.766 | − 0.010 | − 0.019 |
(0.352) | (0.342) | (0.007) | (0.417) | (0.424) | (0.008) | (0.014) | |
Industry or occupation job-mover | 0.376 | 0.370 | − 0.007 | 0.381 | 0.377 | − 0.004 | 0.002 |
(0.484) | (0.483) | (0.009) | (0.486) | (0.485) | (0.010) | (0.003) | |
Formality job mover | 0.032 | 0.052 | 0.019*** | 0.032 | 0.051 | 0.019*** | 0.000 |
(0.177) | (0.221) | (0.004) | (0.177) | (0.221) | (0.004) | (0.001) | |
Outcomes | |||||||
Employed | 0.792 | 0.762 | − 0.030*** | 0.670 | 0.612 | − 0.058*** | − 0.028*** |
(0.406) | (0.426) | (0.008) | (0.470) | (0.487) | (0.010) | (0.008) | |
Employed in the formal sector | 0.584 | 0.500 | − 0.084*** | 0.501 | 0.427 | − 0.075*** | 0.009 |
(0.493) | (0.500) | (0.010) | (0.500) | (0.495) | (0.010) | (0.008) | |
Employed in the informal sector | 0.165 | 0.260 | 0.095*** | 0.118 | 0.180 | 0.062*** | − 0.033*** |
(0.371) | (0.439) | (0.008) | (0.322) | (0.384) | (0.007) | (0.007) | |