Table 1 Covariate balance table at baseline, by sample.

Demographics

Age (years)

34.890

35.040

35.328

 − 0.437***

 − 0.287***

(0.070)

(0.070)

(0.086)

(0.110)

(0.054)

Female

0.505

0.505

0.515

 − 0.010***

 − 0.011***

(0.002)

(0.002)

(0.003)

(0.004)

(0.002)

African/Black

0.806

0.808

0.829

 − 0.023***

 − 0.020***

(0.005)

(0.005)

(0.006)

(0.006)

(0.004)

Urban

0.677

0.680

0.658

0.019**

0.022***

(0.005)

(0.005)

(0.007)

(0.008)

(0.005)

Married

0.355

0.350

0.353

0.001

 − 0.004

(0.004)

(0.004)

(0.004)

(0.005)

(0.003)

Primary education or less

0.143

0.134

0.127

0.016***

0.007***

(0.002)

(0.002)

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.002)

Incomplete secondary education

0.435

0.433

0.433

0.002

0.000

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.004)

(0.005)

(0.002)

Complete secondary education

0.297

0.306

0.308

 − 0.011**

 − 0.001

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.004)

(0.005)

(0.002)

Tertiary education

0.125

0.127

0.132

 − 0.007*

 − 0.005***

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.004)

(0.002)

Occupation and sector

Legislators and managers

0.076

0.075

0.076

0.000

 − 0.002

(0.002)

(0.002)

(0.003)

(0.004)

(0.002)

Professionals

0.047

0.050

0.053

 − 0.005*

 − 0.003**

(0.002)

(0.002)

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.001)

Technical and associate professionals

0.080

0.077

0.080

0.000

 − 0.004**

(0.002)

(0.002)

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.002)

Clerks

0.104

0.103

0.105

 − 0.001

 − 0.002

(0.003)

(0.002)

(0.003)

(0.004)

(0.002)

Service and shop workers

0.163

0.167

0.171

 − 0.008*

 − 0.004*

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.004)

(0.005)

(0.002)

Skilled agricultural and fishery workers

0.003

0.004

0.004

 − 0.001**

0.000

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.001)

(0.001)

(0.000)

Craft and related trades workers

0.127

0.127

0.125

0.002

0.002

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.004)

(0.002)

Plant and machine operators

0.082

0.081

0.085

 − 0.003

 − 0.004***

(0.002)

(0.002)

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.002)

Elementary workers

0.249

0.249

0.235

0.014***

0.015***

(0.004)

(0.004)

(0.005)

(0.005)

(0.003)

Domestic workers

0.069

0.067

0.065

0.003

0.002

(0.002)

(0.002)

(0.002)

(0.003)

(0.001)

Primary sector

0.080

0.079

0.067

0.012***

0.011***

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.004)

(0.002)

Secondary sector

0.212

0.210

0.213

0.000

 − 0.002

(0.003)

(0.004)

(0.004)

(0.005)

(0.002)

Tertiary sector

0.708

0.711

0.720

 − 0.012**

 − 0.009***

(0.004)

(0.004)

(0.005)

(0.006)

(0.003)

Province

Western Cape

0.121

0.121

0.108

0.013**

0.013***

(0.004)

(0.004)

(0.005)

(0.005)

(0.004)

Eastern Cape

0.112

0.111

0.107

0.005

0.004

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.004)

(0.005)

(0.003)

Northern Cape

0.021

0.021

0.016

0.005***

0.005***

(0.001)

(0.001)

(0.001)

(0.001)

(0.001)

Free State

0.050

0.049

0.048

0.001

0.001

(0.002)

(0.001)

(0.002)

(0.003)

(0.002)

KwaZulu − Natal

0.185

0.185

0.212

 − 0.027***

 − 0.027***

(0.004)

(0.004)

(0.006)

(0.007)

(0.004)

North West

0.068

0.068

0.062

0.005

0.005**

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.004)

(0.004)

(0.002)

Gauteng

0.269

0.270

0.253

0.016**

0.017***

(0.005)

(0.004)

(0.006)

(0.007)

(0.004)

Mpumalanga

0.077

0.077

0.087

 − 0.011***

 − 0.011***

(0.002)

(0.002)

(0.004)

(0.004)

(0.002)

Limpopo

0.098

0.098

0.106

 − 0.008*

 − 0.008***

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.004)

(0.005)

(0.003)

Outcomes

Employed

0.426

0.421

0.422

0.004

 − 0.001

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.004)

(0.005)

(0.002)

Employed in the formal sector

0.293

0.290

0.296

 − 0.003

 − 0.006**

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.004)

(0.005)

(0.002)

Employed in the informal sector

0.113

0.112

0.112

0.001

0.000

(0.002)

(0.002)

(0.002)

(0.003)

(0.001)