Living with the neighbors: the effect of Venezuelan forced migration on the labor market in Colombia

Peñaloza-Pacheco, Leonardo

doi:10.1186/s12651-022-00318-3

Journal for Labour Market Research

Table 11 Effects on the labor market—Robustness exercise

From: Living with the neighbors: the effect of Venezuelan forced migration on the labor market in Colombia

	Employment	Unemployment	Informality	Employment	Unemployment	Informality	Employment	Unemployment	Informality
\({[}\text {a}]\) Migration Effect \((S_d)\)	− 0.002***	0.001**	0.000	− 0.002***	0.001**	0.001***	− 0.002***	0.001**	0.001
\({[}\text {a}]\) Migration Effect \((S_d)\)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.001)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.001)
\({[}\text {b}]\) Migration Effect \((S_d)\) \(\times\) High-Skilled				0.000	0.000	− 0.001*
				(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)
\({[}\text {b}]\) Migration Effect \((S_d)\) \(\times\) Women							0.000*	0.000	− 0.000
							(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)
P-Value wild bootstrap SE—\([\text {a}]\)	[0.043]	[0.054]	[0.469]	[0.032]	[0.088]	[0.026]	[0.023]	[0.068]	[0.206]
\({[}\text {a}] + [\text {b}]\)				-0.002***	0.001**	0.000	− 0.002***	0.001**	0.000
P-Value wild bootstrap SE—\([\text {a}] + [\text {b}]\)				[0.107]	[0.101]	[0.566]	[0.106]	[0.067]	[0.637]
Mean Dep. Variable—\([\text {a}]\)	0.615	0.119	0.509	0.559	0.095	0.806	0.735	0.092	0.507
Mean Dep. Variable—\([\text {a}] + [\text {b}]\)				0.660	0.135	0.312	0.515	0.150	0.511
Observations	3,143,611	2,175,205	1,901,208	3,143,611	2,175,205	1,901,208	3,143,611	2,175,205	1,901,208
\({[}\text {a}]\) Migration Effect \((T_d)\)	− 0.033***	0.017*	0.011	− 0.029***	0.009	0.023***	− 0.037***	0.019**	0.011
\({[}\text {a}]\) Migration Effect \((T_d)\)	(0.004)	(0.007)	(0.012)	(0.005)	(0.004)	(0.005)	(0.004)	(0.005)	(0.008)
\({[}\text {b}]\) Migration Effect \((T_d)\) \(\times\) High-skilled				− 0.002	0.010*	− 0.012
				(0.006)	(0.004)	(0.010)
\({[}\text {b}]\) Migration Effect \((T_d)\) \(\times\) Women							0.006	− 0.003	0.001
							(0.005)	(0.006)	(0.005)
P-Value wild bootstrap SE—\([\text {a}]\)	[0.118]	[0.364]	[0.597]	[0.033]	[0.091]	[0.070]	[0.036]	[0.060]	[0.435]
\({[}\text {a}] + [\text {b}]\)				− 0.031***	0.019*	0.012	− 0.031***	0.015	0.012
P-Value wild bootstrap SE—\([\text {a}] + [\text {b}]\)				[0.025]	[0.201]	[0.562]	[0.073]	[0.450]	[0.591]
Mean Dep. Variable—\([\text {a}]\)	0.606	0.134	0.597	0.560	0.112	0.896	0.728	0.111	0.624
Mean Dep. Variable—\([\text {a}] + [\text {b}]\)				0.649	0.151	0.355	0.504	0.161	0.564
Observations	673,471	452,691	387,434	673,471	452,691	387,434	673,471	452,691	387,434
Individual Controls	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Department and Time FE	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
2010 Trade Volume \(\times\) Time FE	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes

Robust and clustered standard errors at department level in parentheses and P-values based on wild bootstrap-t standard errors with a 6-point distribution as in Webb (2014) are in square brackets. The observations correspond to the period 2013-2019. The 2010 Trade Volume \(\times\) Time FE corresponds to the total bilateral trade between each department of Colombia in the sample and Venezuela in 2010 interacted with year-month dummy variables. For information on the specification of regressions, see footnotes to Table 2. Mean Dep. Variable—[a] refers to the base group considered as reference and Mean Dep. Variable—[a]+[b] refers to the interaction group. Source: Own elaboration based on the GEIH-DANE
*** Significant at 1%; ** significant at 5%; *significant at 10%

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