Fig. 7

Contributions to the cyclical working-time reductions in the Great Recession and the Coronavirus Recession. The term ‘cyclical’ refers to the difference of actual and trend changes for each working-time instrument (if the series shows a trend). STW and WTA show no trend. The trend is constructed applying the Hodrick-Prescott filter with \(\lambda =1 600\). All components are measured in working hours per employee. Sources: Institute for Employment Research (IAB) working time calculations; own calculations