The returns to school-quality-adjusted education of immigrants in Germany

Journal for Labour Market Research

Table 2 Summary Statistics—Top 20 sending countries.

Country of origin	Person–year observations	Percentage	School quality index	Mean birthyear	Mean years of education (unadjusted)	Mean year of arrival
Germany	11,397	30.970	55.740	1970	12.440	<1950
Turkey	5193	14.110	39.720	1963	9.880	1980
Italy	2687	7.300	49.410	1958	9.780	1976
Poland	2360	6.410	64.370	1969	11.900	1992
Kazakhstan	1954	5.310	54.650	1971	11.260	1995
Russia	1831	4.980	54.650	1969	11.680	1996
Greece	1524	4.140	50.880	1956	9.910	1975
Croatia*	1065	2.890	53.970	1955	10.230	1975
Romania*	1063	2.890	62.800	1971	12.020	1998
Bosnia–Herzegovina*	841	2.290	53.970	1958	10.040	1980
Spain	830	2.260	51.920	1958	10.120	1975
Kosovo-Albania*	506	1.370	51.280	1972	10.230	1992
Ex-Yugoslavia	465	1.260	53.970	1952	9.860	1975
Serbia*	441	1.200	53.970	1959	10.100	1979
Ukraine	312	0.850	54.650	1972	12.040	1998
Hungary	251	0.680	61.230	1966	13.180	1993
Bulgaria*	247	0.670	62.800	1968	12.030	1998
France	245	0.670	56.000	1964	13.220	1988
USA	235	0.640	46.770	1961	13.120	1983
United Kingdom	209	0.570	62.520	1961	12.710	1985

Sample of individuals aged 18 to 64, having full-time or regular part-time employment. *indicates six countries for which we do not have any information about their school quality index, namely, Croatia, Romania, Bosnia–Herzegovina, Kosovo–Albania, Serbia and Bulgaria with total observations of 4163, which accounts for 11 percent of full immigrant sample. We impute missing values based on geographical proximity. Ex-Yugoslavia consists of Bosnia–Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia; hence these countries take the school-quality index of the former Yugoslavia (i.e., 53.97). Romania and Bulgaria take the average value of Hungary and Poland (i.e., 62.80)