From: The returns to school-quality-adjusted education of immigrants in Germany
Variables | Natives | German-educated immigrants | Foreign-educated immigrants | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low quality | High quality | |||||||
Mean | Std. Dev | Mean | Std. Dev | Mean | Std. Dev | Mean | Std. Dev | |
Log(hourly wages) | 2.678 | 0.525 | 2.677 | 0.504 | 2.569 | 0.430 | 2.604 | 0.444 |
Years of education (unadjusted) | 12.488 | 2.561 | 12.226 | 2.711 | 10.097 | 2.250 | 11.034 | 2.421 |
Years of education (adjusted) | 12.488 | 2.561 | 12.226 | 2.711 | 9.967 | 2.442 | 15.762 | 3.690 |
Males | 0.543 | 0.498 | 0.564 | 0.495 | 0.728 | 0.444 | 0.550 | 0.497 |
Married | 0.668 | 0.470 | 0.555 | 0.496 | 0.887 | 0.316 | 0.807 | 0.394 |
Age | 42.266 | 10.498 | 36.192 | 10.512 | 39.544 | 9.574 | 42.641 | 9.611 |
Years since migration | – | – | 35.541 | 10.770 | 18.814 | 8.569 | 18.710 | 9.587 |
Year of arrival | – | – | 1974 | 8.273 | 1984 | 11.921 | 1987 | 14.122 |
Experience with current firms | 10.894 | 9.762 | 7.875 | 8.115 | 8.809 | 7.940 | 8.972 | 8.240 |
Good German language skills | – | – | 0.988 | 0.106 | 0.624 | 0.484 | 0.777 | 0.416 |
Qualifications | ||||||||
No vocational degrees | 0.095 | 0.177 | 0.572 | 0.356 | ||||
Vocational degrees | 0.739 | 0.671 | 0.335 | 0.475 | ||||
University degrees | 0.166 | 0.152 | 0.093 | 0.169 | ||||
Establishment size | ||||||||
Up to 10 workers | 0.168 | 0.167 | 0.114 | 0.149 | ||||
Up to 20 | 0.132 | 0.112 | 0.099 | 0.107 | ||||
Up to 200 | 0.273 | 0.244 | 0.275 | 0.301 | ||||
Above 200 | 0.427 | 0.477 | 0.512 | 0.443 | ||||
Industry | ||||||||
Agriculture | 0.055 | 0.039 | 0.094 | 0.071 | ||||
Mining | 0.148 | 0.185 | 0.303 | 0.238 | ||||
Manufacturing | 0.084 | 0.118 | 0.141 | 0.124 | ||||
Construction | 0.093 | 0.055 | 0.072 | 0.084 | ||||
Trade | 0.149 | 0.172 | 0.152 | 0.142 | ||||
Transport and financial services | 0.103 | 0.106 | 0.077 | 0.064 | ||||
Public administration | 0.145 | 0.123 | 0.058 | 0.097 | ||||
Health and Education | 0.178 | 0.163 | 0.081 | 0.145 | ||||
Private household | 0.045 | 0.039 | 0.022 | 0.035 | ||||
Occupation | ||||||||
Untrained/Semi-trained workers | 0.138 | 0.207 | 0.649 | 0.476 | ||||
Trained workers | 0.186 | 0.164 | 0.180 | 0.172 | ||||
Trained employees with simple tasks | 0.089 | 0.102 | 0.027 | 0.063 | ||||
Qualified professionals | 0.299 | 0.281 | 0.053 | 0.147 | ||||
Highly qualified professionals | 0.189 | 0.171 | 0.040 | 0.087 | ||||
Civil servants | 0.099 | 0.071 | 0.051 | 0.055 | ||||
Person–year observations | 188,065 | 14,002 | 4,992 | 17,808 |