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Table 3 Firm vignette: size of training subsidies perceived as just (in 10% intervals)

From: Justice perceptions of occupational training subsidies: findings from a factorial survey

 

Model 1a

Model 1b

Model 2

Model 3

Fixed effects coefficients

 1. Vignette features

FE

Mixed + RI

Mixed + RI

Mixed + RI/RS

  Company size (ref: 30)

   300 employees

− 4.163*** (0.897)

− 4.028*** (0.887)

− 3.993*** (0.888)

− 3.644*** (0.853)

   3000 employees

− 9.782*** (0.956)

− 9.567*** (0.937)

− 9.563*** (0.937)

− 9.689*** (0.885)

   30,000 employees

− 15.144*** (0.973)

− 15.016*** (0.957)

− 15.019*** (0.956)

− 14.484*** (0.938)

  Strong company (else: weak)

− 16.924*** (0.703)

− 16.869*** (0.697)

− 16.929*** (0.696)

− 16.766*** (0.683)

  Training for 15 people (else: two)

− 0.928 (0.668)

− 0.791 (0.659)

− 0.735 (0.660)

− 0.934 (0.632)

  Job at risk of automation (ref: nothing)

   Already 25% replaceable

− 0.569 (0.914)

− 0.433 (0.881)

− 0.401 (0.879)

0.092 (0.857)

   Already 75% replaceable

− 2.588** (0.948)

− 2.551** (0.924)

− 2.562** (0.922)

− 1.857* (0.893)

  Funding for 6 months (else: four weeks)

− 0.792 (0.724)

− 0.679 (0.690)

− 0.609 (0.688)

− 0.911 (0.619)

 2. Personal characteristics

  Male (else: female)

  

− 6.214*** (1.560)

− 5.958*** (1.543)

  Age of respondent (ref: 50–64)

   Age 18–34

  

5.439* (2.030)

5.559* (2.002)

   Age 35–49

  

1.222 (1.793)

1.523 (1.774)

   Age 65–78

  

− 0.249 (4.030)

0.124 (4.027)

  German region (ref: ‘Eastern States ‘)

   German Southern States

  

− 2.720 (2.389)

− 3.288 (2.393)

   German Northern States

  

− 4.793 (2.416)

− 5.635* (2.425)

   German City States

  

0.448 (3.279)

− 0.854 (3.257)

  Education (ref: A-levels/vocat. training)

   No education

  

6.380 (6.896)

5.986 (6.567)

    (Technical) College

  

− 3.657* (1.576)

− 3.719* (1.561)

  Net hh-income/month (ref: 2000–2999)

   Less than 1000 Euro

  

− 0.993 (4.460)

− 0.932 (4.364)

   1000–1499 Euro

  

1.018 (3.347)

0.514 (3.248)

   1500–1999 Euro

  

6.178* (2.919)

5.475 (2.944)

   3000–3999 Euro

  

1.023 (2.358)

0.183 (2.345)

   4000–4999 Euro

  

− 1.496 (2.615)

− 1.830 (2.605)

   5000 Euro or more

  

2.638 (2.712)

2.261 (2.681)

   Income not specified

  

− 1.390 (3.153)

− 2.239 (3.139)

  Party affiliation (ref: ‘Greens’)

   CDU (Christian Democratic Union)

  

− 1.834 (2.836)

− 0.760 (2.813)

   CSU (Christian Social Union)

  

− 6.275 (4.633)

− 5.731 (4.682)

   SPD (Social Democratic Party)

  

− 0.005 (2.594)

0.251 (2.593)

   AfD (Alternative for Germany)

  

− 0.812 (4.767)

− 0.416 (4.758)

   FDP (Free Democratic Party)

  

− 9.216* (3.373)

− 8.543* (3.322)

   Die Linke (The Left)

  

− 1.059 (3.051)

− 1.901 (2.994)

   Other party (not in parliament)

  

2.353 (4.574)

2.289 (4.620)

   Not specified

  

2.027 (2.029)

2.264 (2.002)

  Unemployment benefit (else: no)

  

0.921 (1.708)

0.734 (1.697)

  Unemployed responsibility (else: no)

  

1.890 (2.545)

2.412 (2.520)

  Difficulty with new work tech (ref: no)

   Difficulty with new tech

  

3.969 (2.489)

3.861 (2.436)

   Not applicable (no work)

  

0.264 (2.170)

0.325 (2.166)

  Constant

 

62.778*** (1.262)

66.889*** (3.693)

67.326*** (3.681)

Random effects (RE) coefficients

 Sd (constant)

 

22.670*** (0.524)

21.774*** (0.509)

26.984*** (0.776)

 Sd (residual)

 

17.873*** (0.327)

17.873*** (0.327)

12.703*** (0.502)

 Sd (strong company)

   

14.899*** (0.937)

 Sd (25% replaceable)

   

13.116*** (1.503)

 Sd (75% replaceable)

   

13.170*** (1.487)

 Sd (subsidize 15)

   

10.051*** (1.416)

 Corr (strong company, 25% replaceable)

   

0.179 (0.108)

 Corr (strong company, 75% replaceable)

   

0.014 (0.101)

 Corr (strong company, subsidize 15)

   

0.122 (0.092)

 Corr (strong company, constant)

   

− 0.431*** (0.047)

 Corr (25% replaceable, 75% replaceable)

   

0.189 (0.145)

 Corr (25% replaceable, subsidize 15)

   

− 0.086 (0.124)

 Corr (25% replaceable, constant)

   

− 0.263*** (0.070)

 Corr (75% replaceable, subsidize 15)

   

0.253 (0.143)

 Corr (75% replaceable, constant)

   

− 0.224*** (0.067)

 Corr (subsidize 15, constant)

   

− 0.390*** (0.061)

Model fit criteria

 Information criteria: (1) AIC; (2) BIC

(1) 1040; (2) 1083

(1) 36,810; (2) 36,879

(1) 36,796; (2) 37,042

(1) 36,545; (2) 36,879

 R2: McFadden; Lvl. 1&2 Snijders/Bosker

0.203 (MF)

0.106; 0.013 (S/B)

0.148; 0.080 (S/B)

0.148; 0.080 (S/B)

  1. 4040 vignette answers for 1010 persons
  2. FE fixed effects, RI random intercept, RS random slopes
  3. *p < 0.050; **p < 0.005; ***p < 0.001; robust standard errors in parentheses