Measuring the effect of gender segregation on the gender gap in time-related underemployment

Acosta-Ballesteros, Juan; Osorno-del Rosal, María del Pilar; Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Olga María

doi:10.1186/s12651-021-00305-0

Journal for Labour Market Research

Table 1 Average marginal effects: underemployment and employment by gender

From: Measuring the effect of gender segregation on the gender gap in time-related underemployment

Variable	Women		Men
Variable	Under	Employ	Under	Employ
Educational attainment (omitted: primary education or less)
Compulsory secondary	− 0.006	0.077***	0.003	0.082***
Non-compulsory secondary	− 0.024***	0.141***	− 0.013	0.142***
Lower vocational training
Education	− 0.026	0.116***	0.049	0.181***
Arts and humanities	0.012	0.170***	0.066	0.116***
Social sciences	− 0.092**	0.342***	− 0.109***	0.149
Business, administration, law	− 0.014	0.134***	− 0.009	0.133***
Sciences	− 0.012	0.194***	0.036	0.029
ICT	− 0.052	0.124**	0.060*	0.135***
Technology	− 0.026	0.096***	0.002	0.138***
Agriculture	0.007	0.121**	− 0.021	0.163***
Health	− 0.036***	0.183***	0.005	0.127***
Social services	− 0.031***	0.145***	− 0.006	0.122***
Higher vocational training
Education	− 0.019	0.171***	0.073*	0.190***
Arts and humanities	− 0.016	0.136***	− 0.011	0.138***
Social sciences	0.025	0.153***	0.020	0.179***
Business, administration, law	− 0.034***	0.171***	− 0.024*	0.169***
Sciences	− 0.054**	0.174***	− 0.045	0.160***
ICT	− 0.028	0.187***	− 0.042***	0.206***
Technology	− 0.005	0.174***	− 0.016*	0.179***
Agriculture	− 0.005	0.030	0.020	0.156***
Health	− 0.038***	0.181***	− 0.003	0.164***
Social services	− 0.036**	0.153***	− 0.013	0.155***
Short-cycle university
Education	− 0.028**	0.224***	0.021	0.185***
Arts and humanities	0.062*	0.125***	− 0.070***	0.117***
Social sciences	0.012	0.132***	0.055	0.147***
Business, administration, law	− 0.059***	0.169***	− 0.042***	0.189***
Sciences	− 0.046	0.146***	− 0.022	0.170***
ICT	− 0.060**	0.161***	− 0.060***	0.214***
Technology	0.007	0.152***	− 0.054***	0.174***
Agriculture	− 0.020	0.160***	− 0.058**	0.114**
Health	− 0.040***	0.230***	− 0.004	0.200***
Social services	− 0.067***	0.182***	− 0.033	0.204***
Long-cycle university
Education	0.000	0.203***	0.008	0.167***
Arts and humanities	0.015	0.127***	− 0.001	0.112***
Social sciences	− 0.017	0.130***	− 0.008	0.125***
Business, administration, law	− 0.074***	0.192***	− 0.069***	0.183***
Sciences	− 0.030*	0.180***	− 0.070***	0.184***
ICT	− 0.099***	0.270***	− 0.098***	0.246***
Technology	− 0.012	0.149***	− 0.057***	0.201***
Agriculture	− 0.048*	0.169***	− 0.093***	0.147***
Health	− 0.075***	0.272***	− 0.078***	0.267***
Social services	− 0.027	0.210***	− 0.051***	0.161***
Student	− 0.011*	− 0.058***	− 0.001	− 0.072***
Time to complete studies (omitted: within appropriate time)
Less than three years late	0.013***	− 0.044***	0.009	− 0.028***
Three or more years late	0.047***	− 0.074***	0.010	− 0.052***
Age (omitted: 16–19)
20–24	0.019	0.158***	0.010	0.084***
25–29	0.008	0.232***	0.009	0.135***
30–34	0.008	0.269***	0.003	0.153***
Live with parents	0.018***	− 0.099***	− 0.004	− 0.092***
Live in couple	− 0.006	− 0.010	− 0.028***	0.048***
Children under 16	0.003	− 0.086***	0.017**	− 0.029***
Non-Spanish	0.050***	− 0.057***	0.071***	− 0.076***
Occupational segregation (omitted: male-dominated)
Integrated	0.007		− 0.001
Female-dominated	0.046***		0.028***
Industry segregation (omitted: male-dominated)
Integrated	0.023***		0.026***
Female-dominated	0.045***		0.016**
Tenure 12 months or less	0.039***		0.041***
Professional status (omitted: self-employed)
Public sector employee with permanent contract	− 0.000		0.001
Public sector employee with fixed-term contract	0.072***		0.067***
Private sector employee with permanent contract	0.040***		0.029***
Private sector employee with fixed-term contract	0.124***		0.092***
Firm size (omitted: up to 10 workers)
More than 10 workers	− 0.040***		− 0.021***
Unknown	− 0.042***		− 0.041***
Unemployment rate^a	0.002***		0.003***
NUTS Region (omitted: Northwest)
Northeast	− 0.003**	0.043***	− 0.002***	0.019***
Madrid	− 0.002**	0.032***	− 0.001	0.010
Centre	0.002**	− 0.028***	− 0.000	0.002
East	− 0.002**	0.026***	0.000	− 0.001
South	0.003**	− 0.056***	0.006***	− 0.059***
Canary Islands	0.003**	− 0.045***	0.007***	− 0.064***
After 2012 labour reform	0.041***		0.026***

The year when the survey was carried out is controlled for, but not reported
Under: underemployed. Employ: employed
^a Unemployment rate by gender and year in the Autonomous Region of residence
^*p < .10. **p < .05. ***p < .01

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