From: Short-term earnings mobility in the Canadian and German context: the role of cognitive skills
 | Canada | Germany | OECD |
---|---|---|---|
Job protection, union density, temporary employment | |||
Job protection against individual dismissal, permanent workers, 2013a | 0.92 | 2.53 | 2.03 |
Specific requirements for collective dismissal, 2013a | 2.97 | 3.63 | 2.89 |
Regulation on temporary forms of employment, 2013a | 0.21 | 1.75 | 2.07 |
Share of temporary employment (age 25–54), 2017b | 10.3 | 9.6 | 10.2 |
Trade union density, 2015c | 29.4 | 17.6 | 26.3 |
Collective bargaining coverage, 2015d | 28.4 | 56.8 | 32.7 |
Job tenure (% age 25–54), 2015e | |||
 < 12 months | 15.1 | 12.4 | 15.5 |
1–3 years | 18.9 | 13.6 | 13.2 |
3–5 years | 13.8 | 12.9 | 12.7 |
5–10 years | 22.4 | 20.5 | 24.2 |
10 years +  | 29.9 | 40.6 | 31.6 |
Income inequality | |||
GINI index of disposable income (post tax/trans., age 18–65), 2015f | 0.322 | 0.301 | 0.315 |
Mismatch, 2016g | |||
Under-qualification | 21.7 | 19.7 | 18.9 |
Over-qualification | 16.2 | 17.2 | 16.8 |
Public expenditure on labour market programs, 2016h | |||
Total (as a percentage of GDP) | 0.90 | 1.45 | 1.25 |
Total active measures | 0.25 | 0.63 | 0.52 |
Training-related active measures | 0.07 | 0.19 | 0.12 |
Passive measures | 0.65 | 0.82 | 0.74 |