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Table 1 Canada and Germany country profiles

From: Short-term earnings mobility in the Canadian and German context: the role of cognitive skills

 

Canada

Germany

OECD

Job protection, union density, temporary employment

Job protection against individual dismissal, permanent workers, 2013a

0.92

2.53

2.03

Specific requirements for collective dismissal, 2013a

2.97

3.63

2.89

Regulation on temporary forms of employment, 2013a

0.21

1.75

2.07

Share of temporary employment (age 25–54), 2017b

10.3

9.6

10.2

Trade union density, 2015c

29.4

17.6

26.3

Collective bargaining coverage, 2015d

28.4

56.8

32.7

Job tenure (% age 25–54), 2015e

 < 12 months

15.1

12.4

15.5

1–3 years

18.9

13.6

13.2

3–5 years

13.8

12.9

12.7

5–10 years

22.4

20.5

24.2

10 years + 

29.9

40.6

31.6

Income inequality

GINI index of disposable income (post tax/trans., age 18–65), 2015f

0.322

0.301

0.315

Mismatch, 2016g

Under-qualification

21.7

19.7

18.9

Over-qualification

16.2

17.2

16.8

Public expenditure on labour market programs, 2016h

Total (as a percentage of GDP)

0.90

1.45

1.25

Total active measures

0.25

0.63

0.52

Training-related active measures

0.07

0.19

0.12

Passive measures

0.65

0.82

0.74

  1. aSource: The OECD indicators on Employment Protection Legislation. Scale from 0 (least restrictive) to 6 (most restrictive)
  2. bSource: OECD.stat, Employment by Permanency (Dataset: Labour Force Statistics)
  3. cSource: OECD.stat, Trade Union (Dataset: Trade Unions and Collective Bargaining)
  4. dSource: OECD.stat, Collective Bargaining Coverage (Dataset: Trade Unions and Collective Bargaining)
  5. eSource: OECD.stat, Employment by job tenure intervals (Dataset: Labour Force Statistics)
  6. fSource: OECD.stat Income Distribution Database (Dataset: Social Protection and Well-being)
  7. gSource: OECD.stat Mismatch (Dataset: Labour)
  8. hSource: OECD.stat Public expenditure and participant stocks on LMP (Dataset: Labour)