Table 8 Country-level estimates of the effects of the displayed variables on the risks of exiting unemployment and of entering unemployment in a seemingly unrelated regressions setup à la Zellner (1962)

\(\lambda _i\) (log-risk of exiting unemployment)

Numeracy (std)

0.375

\({0}.{566}^{*}\)

\({0}.{701}^{**}\)

0.493

0.564

\({0}.{526}^{*}\)

0.371

(0.374)

(0.333)

(0.284)

(0.383)

(0.368)

(0.307)

(0.265)

Logarithmized GDP per capita (PPP)

–

–

–

–

0.465

–

− 0.438

(0.394)

(0.388)

Employment in public sector (share)

–

–

–

–

\({-1}.{639}^{*}\)

–

−1.422

(0.980)

(0.906)

ICT in the workplace (std)

–

–

–

–

− 0.071

–

\({-0}.{753}^{**}\)

(0.486)

(0.384)

Minimum relative to median wage

–

–

–

–

–

− 0.547

− 0.017

(0.966)

(0.823)

Unemployment benefits (level)

–

–

–

–

–

0.144

0.167

(0.502)

(0.437)

Unemployment benefits (degression)

–

–

–

–

–

0.592

\({0}.{841}^{**}\)

(0.399)

(0.354)

Social trust (std)

\({0}.{352}^{*}\)

–

–

0.267

\({0}.{419}^{*}\)

0.045

0.197

(0.213)

(0.232)

(0.244)

(0.222)

(0.190)

Government effectiveness (std)

–

0.151

–

− 0.068

− 0.201

0.336

\({0}.{809}^{***}\)

(0.118)

(0.168)

(0.236)

(0.229)

(0.242)

Logarithmized lagged GDP per capita (PPP)

–

–

\({0}.{274}^{*}\)

0.269

0.065

\({0}.{302}^{*}\)

\({0}.{359}^{*}\)

(0.144)

(0.201)

(0.231)

(0.162)

(0.198)

\(R^2\) (\(\lambda _0^c\))

0.309

0.285

0.328

0.356

0.430

0.627

0.743

Observations

30

30

30

30

30

28

28

\(\delta _i\) (log-risk of entering unemployment)

Numeracy (std)

\({-1}.{394}^{***}\)

\({-1}.{022}^{***}\)

\({-1}.{176}^{***}\)

\({-1}.{257}^{***}\)

\({-1}.{432}^{***}\)

\({-1}.{513}^{***}\)

\({-1}.{544}^{***}\)

(0.413)

(0.360)

(0.319)

(0.421)

(0.380)

(0.429)

(0.381)

Logarithmized GDP per capita (PPP)

–

–

–

–

− 0.440

–

\({-1}.{063}^{*}\)

(0.408)

(0.558)

Employment in public sector (share)

–

–

–

–

0.626

–

2.048

(1.014)

(1.301)

ICT in the workplace (std)

–

–

–

–

\({-1}.{106}^{**}\)

–

\({-1}.{171}^{**}\)

(0.503)

(0.552)

Minimum relative to median wage

–

–

–

–

–

\({-2}.{693}^{**}\)

\({-2}.{713}^{**}\)

(1.350)

(1.183)

Unemployment benefits (level)

–

–

–

–

–

0.921

0.584

(0.702)

(0.628)

Unemployment benefits (degression)

–

–

–

–

–

− 0.878

− 0.415

(0.558)

(0.509)

Social trust (std)

0.176

–

–

0.347

0.383

0.099

0.170

(0.235)

(0.255)

(0.252)

(0.311)

(0.274)

Government effectiveness (std)

–

− 0.123

–

− 0.252

0.267

− 0.145

0.454

(0.128)

(0.184)

(0.244)

(0.320)

(0.347)

Logarithmized lagged GDP per capita (PPP)

–

–

− 0.063

0.077

0.220

− 0.007

\({0}.{500}^{*}\)

(0.162)

(0.221)

(0.239)

(0.226)

(0.284)

\(R^2\) (\(\delta _0^c\))

0.373

0.380

0.364

0.420

0.545

0.499

0.635

Observations

30

30

30

30

30

28

28

\(\lambda _i-\delta _i\) (log-risk-ratio of exiting to entering unemployment)

Numeracy (std)

\({1}.{770}^{***}\)

\({1}.{588}^{***}\)

\({1}.{877}^{***}\)

\({1}.{751}^{***}\)

\({1}.{996}^{***}\)

\({2}.{039}^{***}\)

\({1}.{915}^{***}\)

(0.535)

(0.450)

(0.395)

(0.540)

(0.472)

(0.450)

(0.424)

Logarithmized GDP per capita (PPP)

–

–

–

–

\({0}.{905}^{*}\)

–

0.626

(0.505)

(0.621)

Employment in public sector (share)

–

–

–

–

\({-2}.{265}^{*}\)

–

\({-3}.{470}^{**}\)

(1.258)

(1.448)

ICT in the workplace (std)

–

–

–

–

\({1}.{034}^{*}\)

–

0.418

(0.624)

(0.614)

Minimum relative to median wage

–

–

–

–

–

2.146

\({2}.{696}^{**}\)

(1.418)

(1.316)

Unemployment benefits (level)

–

–

–

–

–

− 0.777

− 0.417

(0.737)

(0.699)

Unemployment benefits (degression)

–

–

–

–

–

\({1}.{470}^{**}\)

\({1}.{256}^{**}\)

(0.586)

(0.567)

Social trust (std)

0.175

–

–

− 0.080

0.036

− 0.054

0.027

(0.305)

(0.326)

(0.313)

(0.326)

(0.304)

Government effectiveness (std)

–

\({0}.{273}^{*}\)

–

0.184

− 0.467

0.480

0.355

(0.159)

(0.236)

(0.302)

(0.336)

(0.387)

Logarithmized lagged GDP per capita (PPP)

–

–

\({0}.{337}^{*}\)

0.192

− 0.154

0.309

− 0.141

(0.201)

(0.283)

(0.297)

(0.238)

(0.316)

\(R^2\) (\(\lambda _0^c-\delta _0^c\))

0.491

0.531

0.529

0.539

0.662

0.730

0.779

Observations

30

30

30

30

30

28

28