From: A cross-country study of skills and unemployment flows
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
\(\lambda _i\) (log-risk of exiting unemployment) | |||||||
Numeracy (std) | 0.375 | \({0}.{566}^{*}\) | \({0}.{701}^{**}\) | 0.493 | 0.564 | \({0}.{526}^{*}\) | 0.371 |
(0.374) | (0.333) | (0.284) | (0.383) | (0.368) | (0.307) | (0.265) | |
Logarithmized GDP per capita (PPP) | – | – | – | – | 0.465 | – | − 0.438 |
(0.394) | (0.388) | ||||||
Employment in public sector (share) | – | – | – | – | \({-1}.{639}^{*}\) | – | −1.422 |
(0.980) | (0.906) | ||||||
ICT in the workplace (std) | – | – | – | – | − 0.071 | – | \({-0}.{753}^{**}\) |
(0.486) | (0.384) | ||||||
Minimum relative to median wage | – | – | – | – | – | − 0.547 | − 0.017 |
(0.966) | (0.823) | ||||||
Unemployment benefits (level) | – | – | – | – | – | 0.144 | 0.167 |
(0.502) | (0.437) | ||||||
Unemployment benefits (degression) | – | – | – | – | – | 0.592 | \({0}.{841}^{**}\) |
(0.399) | (0.354) | ||||||
Social trust (std) | \({0}.{352}^{*}\) | – | – | 0.267 | \({0}.{419}^{*}\) | 0.045 | 0.197 |
(0.213) | (0.232) | (0.244) | (0.222) | (0.190) | |||
Government effectiveness (std) | – | 0.151 | – | − 0.068 | − 0.201 | 0.336 | \({0}.{809}^{***}\) |
(0.118) | (0.168) | (0.236) | (0.229) | (0.242) | |||
Logarithmized lagged GDP per capita (PPP) | – | – | \({0}.{274}^{*}\) | 0.269 | 0.065 | \({0}.{302}^{*}\) | \({0}.{359}^{*}\) |
(0.144) | (0.201) | (0.231) | (0.162) | (0.198) | |||
\(R^2\) (\(\lambda _0^c\)) | 0.309 | 0.285 | 0.328 | 0.356 | 0.430 | 0.627 | 0.743 |
Observations | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 28 | 28 |
\(\delta _i\) (log-risk of entering unemployment) | |||||||
Numeracy (std) | \({-1}.{394}^{***}\) | \({-1}.{022}^{***}\) | \({-1}.{176}^{***}\) | \({-1}.{257}^{***}\) | \({-1}.{432}^{***}\) | \({-1}.{513}^{***}\) | \({-1}.{544}^{***}\) |
(0.413) | (0.360) | (0.319) | (0.421) | (0.380) | (0.429) | (0.381) | |
Logarithmized GDP per capita (PPP) | – | – | – | – | − 0.440 | – | \({-1}.{063}^{*}\) |
(0.408) | (0.558) | ||||||
Employment in public sector (share) | – | – | – | – | 0.626 | – | 2.048 |
(1.014) | (1.301) | ||||||
ICT in the workplace (std) | – | – | – | – | \({-1}.{106}^{**}\) | – | \({-1}.{171}^{**}\) |
(0.503) | (0.552) | ||||||
Minimum relative to median wage | – | – | – | – | – | \({-2}.{693}^{**}\) | \({-2}.{713}^{**}\) |
(1.350) | (1.183) | ||||||
Unemployment benefits (level) | – | – | – | – | – | 0.921 | 0.584 |
(0.702) | (0.628) | ||||||
Unemployment benefits (degression) | – | – | – | – | – | − 0.878 | − 0.415 |
(0.558) | (0.509) | ||||||
Social trust (std) | 0.176 | – | – | 0.347 | 0.383 | 0.099 | 0.170 |
(0.235) | (0.255) | (0.252) | (0.311) | (0.274) | |||
Government effectiveness (std) | – | − 0.123 | – | − 0.252 | 0.267 | − 0.145 | 0.454 |
(0.128) | (0.184) | (0.244) | (0.320) | (0.347) | |||
Logarithmized lagged GDP per capita (PPP) | – | – | − 0.063 | 0.077 | 0.220 | − 0.007 | \({0}.{500}^{*}\) |
(0.162) | (0.221) | (0.239) | (0.226) | (0.284) | |||
\(R^2\) (\(\delta _0^c\)) | 0.373 | 0.380 | 0.364 | 0.420 | 0.545 | 0.499 | 0.635 |
Observations | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 28 | 28 |
\(\lambda _i-\delta _i\) (log-risk-ratio of exiting to entering unemployment) | |||||||
Numeracy (std) | \({1}.{770}^{***}\) | \({1}.{588}^{***}\) | \({1}.{877}^{***}\) | \({1}.{751}^{***}\) | \({1}.{996}^{***}\) | \({2}.{039}^{***}\) | \({1}.{915}^{***}\) |
(0.535) | (0.450) | (0.395) | (0.540) | (0.472) | (0.450) | (0.424) | |
Logarithmized GDP per capita (PPP) | – | – | – | – | \({0}.{905}^{*}\) | – | 0.626 |
(0.505) | (0.621) | ||||||
Employment in public sector (share) | – | – | – | – | \({-2}.{265}^{*}\) | – | \({-3}.{470}^{**}\) |
(1.258) | (1.448) | ||||||
ICT in the workplace (std) | – | – | – | – | \({1}.{034}^{*}\) | – | 0.418 |
(0.624) | (0.614) | ||||||
Minimum relative to median wage | – | – | – | – | – | 2.146 | \({2}.{696}^{**}\) |
(1.418) | (1.316) | ||||||
Unemployment benefits (level) | – | – | – | – | – | − 0.777 | − 0.417 |
(0.737) | (0.699) | ||||||
Unemployment benefits (degression) | – | – | – | – | – | \({1}.{470}^{**}\) | \({1}.{256}^{**}\) |
(0.586) | (0.567) | ||||||
Social trust (std) | 0.175 | – | – | − 0.080 | 0.036 | − 0.054 | 0.027 |
(0.305) | (0.326) | (0.313) | (0.326) | (0.304) | |||
Government effectiveness (std) | – | \({0}.{273}^{*}\) | – | 0.184 | − 0.467 | 0.480 | 0.355 |
(0.159) | (0.236) | (0.302) | (0.336) | (0.387) | |||
Logarithmized lagged GDP per capita (PPP) | – | – | \({0}.{337}^{*}\) | 0.192 | − 0.154 | 0.309 | − 0.141 |
(0.201) | (0.283) | (0.297) | (0.238) | (0.316) | |||
\(R^2\) (\(\lambda _0^c-\delta _0^c\)) | 0.491 | 0.531 | 0.529 | 0.539 | 0.662 | 0.730 | 0.779 |
Observations | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 28 | 28 |