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Table 2 Country-level estimates of the effects of the displayed variables on the risks of exiting unemployment and of entering unemployment in a seemingly unrelated regressions setup à la Zellner (1962)

From: A cross-country study of skills and unemployment flows

 

Women and men

Men

 

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

 

\(\lambda _i\) (log-risk of exiting unemployment)

Numeracy (std)

− 0.097

0.002

0.017

0.151

− 0.110

0.072

− 0.245

 

(0.298)

(0.170)

(0.239)

(0.266)

(0.177)

(0.246)

(0.327)

\(\times\) Logarithmized GDP per capita (PPP, demeaned)

0.373

− 0.218

\({-1}.{006}^{*}\)

   

(0.272)

  

(0.450)

(0.597)

\(\times\) ICT in the workplace (std)

0.882

1.098

\({2}.{066}^{*}\)

    

(0.596)

 

(0.843)

(1.061)

\(\times\) Employment in agriculture (share, demeaned)

\({-6}.{251}^{**}\)

-6.196

\({-7}.{553}^{*}\)

     

(3.080)

(4.087)

(4.228)

Logarithmized GDP per capita (PPP, demeaned)

0.293

0.186

− 0.032

   

(0.216)

  

(0.287)

(0.358)

ICT in the workplace (std)

0.185

− 0.374

0.036

    

(0.289)

 

(0.382)

(0.483)

Employment in agriculture (share, demeaned)

\({-9}.{258}^{***}\)

\({-9}.{698}^{***}\)

\({-6}.{506}^{**}\)

     

(2.934)

(3.504)

(3.208)

\(R^2\) (\(\lambda _0^c\))

0.294

0.005

0.080

0.082

0.217

0.273

0.272

Observations

7

37

37

37

37

37

37

 

\(\delta _i\) (log-risk of entering unemployment)

Numeracy (std)

0.176

\({- 0}.{299}^{*}\)

\({- 0}.{644}^{***}\)

\({- 0}.{522}^{**}\)

\({- 0}.{327}^{*}\)

\({- 0}.{572}^{**}\)

\({- 0}.{800}^{***}\)

 

(0.143)

(0.170)

(0.213)

(0.240)

(0.181)

(0.238)

(0.268)

\(\times\) Logarithmized GDP per capita (PPP, demeaned)

\({- 0}.{876}^{***}\)

− 0.444

− 0.249

   

(0.243)

  

(0.436)

(0.489)

\(\times\) ICT in the workplace (std)

\({-1}.{498}^{***}\)

− 0.576

-1.024

    

(0.537)

 

(0.816)

(0.869)

\(\times\) Employment in agriculture (share, demeaned)

\({8}.{143}^{***}\)

2.454

3.534

     

(3.150)

(3.958)

(3.461)

Logarithmized GDP per capita (PPP, demeaned)

− 0.194

0.080

0.218

   

(0.193)

  

(0.278)

(0.293)

ICT in the workplace (std)

− 0.387

− 0.285

− 0.158

    

(0.261)

 

(0.370)

(0.396)

Employment in agriculture (share, demeaned)

\({6}.{985}^{**}\)

3.636

\({4}.{459}^{*}\)

     

(3.001)

(3.393)

(2.627)

\(R^2\) (\(\delta _0^c\))

0.873

0.269

0.460

0.448

0.395

0.497

0.560

Observations

7

37

37

37

37

37

37

 

\(\lambda _i-\delta _i\) (log-risk-ratio of exiting to entering unemployment)

Numeracy (std)

− 0.273

0.302

\({0}.{660}^{**}\)

\({0}.{673}^{*}\)

0.217

\({0}.{644}^{**}\)

0.555

 

(0.319)

(0.255)

(0.322)

(0.355)

(0.246)

(0.327)

(0.365)

\(\times\) Logarithmized GDP per capita (PPP, demeaned)

\({1}.{249}^{***}\)

0.226

− 0.757

   

(0.367)

  

(0.600)

(0.666)

\(\times\) ICT in the workplace (std)

\({2}.{379}^{***}\)

1.674

\({3}.{090}^{***}\)

    

(0.796)

 

(1.123)

(1.184)

\(\times\) Employment in agriculture (share, demeaned)

\({-14}.{394}^{***}\)

−8.651

\({-11}.{087}^{**}\)

     

(4.283)

(5.445)

(4.716)

Logarithmized GDP per capita (PPP, demeaned)

\({0}.{487}^{*}\)

0.106

− 0.249

   

(0.291)

  

(0.383)

(0.399)

ICT in the workplace (std)

0.572

− 0.088

0.194

    

(0.386)

 

(0.509)

(0.539)

Employment in agriculture (share, demeaned)

\({-16}.{243}^{***}\)

\({-13}.{334}^{***}\)

\({-10}.{965}^{***}\)

     

(4.079)

(4.669)

(3.579)

\(R^2\) (\(\lambda _0^c-\delta _0^c\))

0.299

0.148

0.362

0.374

0.422

0.507

0.444

Observations

7

37

37

37

37

37

37

  1. Sample restricted to survey participants ages 25–54. Specification (1) for Indonesia, Ecuador, Peru, Mexico, Kazakhstan, Chile and Turkey. Fixed effects by round of data collection not displayed. Sampling weights employed in all calculations. Standard errors in parentheses. Statistical significance at the 10, 5, and 1% level denoted by \(^{*}\), \(^{**}\), and \(^{***}\), respectively. Author’s calculations based on the Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC) and the Penn World Table 9.1 (Feenstra et al. 2015)