Table 8 Duration model and shared frailty model: 2003–2008

% Internal (Type I)

0.7783***

(− 8.15)

0.7952***

(− 5.41)

0.9664

(− 0.42)

% Internal (Type II)

1.0250

(0.80)

0.8431***

(− 4.04)

0.8379***

(− 4.18)

% Uncertain Origin

0.6484***

(− 7.33)

0.9275

(− 0.86)

0.9211

(− 0.94)

% Internal (I): Top level

0.8239***

(− 2.76)

Plant size

0.8244***

(− 17.27)

0.7661***

(− 18.06)

0.7685***

(− 17.79)

Distance

0.9998

(− 0.62)

0.9999

(− 0.38)

0.9999

(− 0.37)

Est. Concent.

0.7929***

(− 5.53)

0.8486**

(− 2.46)

0.8504**

(− 2.43)

Plant: % 25 to 34

1.1059*

(2.44 )

1.0915*

(1.66)

1.0897

(1.63)

Plant: % 34 to 54

1.0952**

(2.25)

1.1004*

(1.74)

1.0987*

(1.72)

Plant: % + 54

1.0360

(0.56)

1.1521*

(1.65)

1.1477

(1.61)

Plant: % Educ 9

0.9527

(− 1.46)

0.9961

(− 0.08)

0.9981

(− 0.05)

Plant: % Educ 12

0.8639***

(− 4.25)

0.9263

(− 1.55)

0.9275

(− 1.53)

Plant: % Educ + 12

0.8680**

(− 2.58)

1.0440

(− 0.56)

1.0415

(− 0.53)

Plant % Female

0.8960***

(− 4.18)

0.9387

(− 1.60)

0.9383

(− 1.61)

Plant % Shared

1.6377***

(3.03)

1.8461**

(2.44)

1.8527**

(2.46)

Firm growth

0.8426***

(− 7.18)

0.9262*

(− 2.17)

0.9260**

(− 2.18)

Firm size

0.9227***

(− 9.59)

0.9111***

(− 5.09)

0.9115***

(− 5.06)

Multi-plant firm

1.0431**

(1.74)

0.9578

(− 1.05)

0.9589

(− 1.02)

Firm age

0.9999

(− 0.52)

1.0002

(0.87)

1.0001

(0.88)

Constant

0.1067***

(− 18.72)

0.1134***

(− 11.53)

0.1136***

(− 11.52)

N

24,163

24,163

24,163

\({\rho }\)

1.3232

1.8215

1.8216

\({\theta }\)

1.9591

1.9571

Log likelihood

− 24677.94

− 22464.68

− 22460.85

Prob > χ²

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000