Table 4 Meta-regression analysis of literature heterogeneity
Estimator (analytical weight in brackets) | Cluster-robust OLS | Cluster-robust WLS [N] | Cluster-robust WLS [d.f.] | Cluster-robust WLS [1/SE] | Multi-level mixed-effects RM | Cluster-robust random-effects panel GLS | Cluster-robust fixed-effects panel LSDV |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Meta-independent variable (default study type)/model | [1] | [2] | [3] | [4] | [5] | [6]a | [7]b |
Target region (urban region)—Hypothesis H2 | |||||||
 Rural region | − 0.0602*** (0.020) | − 0.0355 (0.026) | − 0.0402** (0.020) | − 0.0430** (0.020) | − 0.0603*** (0.022) | − 0.0602*** (0.023) | − 0.0618** (0.028) |
 Region unspecified | 0.0013 (0.014) | − 0.0096 (0.020) | 0.0027 (0.016) | 0.0019 (0.016) | − 0.0025 (0.016) | − 0.0041 (0.016) | − 0.0432*** (0.016) |
Target corporate sector (unspecified)—Hypothesis H3 | |||||||
 Public sector | 0.0118 (0.033) | 0.0218** (0.010) | 0.0096 (0.026) | 0.0093* (0.005) | 0.0235** (0.008) | 0.024** (0.011) | 0.0242** (0.011) |
 Private sector | − 0.0244 (0.028) | − 0.0090 (0.024) | − 0.0251 (0.026) | − 0.0265 (0.027) | 0.0012 (0.019) | 0.0015 (0.019) | − 0.0015 (0.017) |
Estimation period—Hypothesis H4 | |||||||
 Average estimation year | − 0.0031*** (0.001) | − 0.0018* (0.001) | − 0.0030*** (0.001) | − 0.0031*** (0.001) | − 0.0013* (0.001) | − 0.0012* (0.001) | − 0.0010 (0.001) |
Hukou types (Hukou unspecified) | |||||||
 Urban residents | 0.0061 (0.019) | − 0.0168 (0.014) | − 0.0067 (0.015) | − 0.0063 (0.016) | 0.0119 (0.011) | 0.0120 (0.011) | 0.0114 (0.014) |
 Migrants | − 0.0222* (0.013) | − 0.0059 (0.028) | − 0.0156 (0.016) | − 0.0160 (0.016) | − 0.0138 (0.013) | − 0.0140 (0.014) | − 0.0153 (0.019) |
Wage level percentile (wage level unspecified) | |||||||
 Low-percentile group | 0.0543*** (0.018) | − 0.0071 (0.024) | 0.0273 (0.022) | 0.0276 (0.023) | 0.0299 (0.017) | 0.0278 (0.017) | 0.0180 (0.020) |
 Middle-percentile group | 0.0473*** (0.018) | 0.0133 (0.020) | 0.0355* (0.020) | 0.0367 (0.020) | 0.0168 (0.018) | 0.0145 (0.018) | 0.0040 (0.022) |
 High-percentile group | 0.0666*** (0.015) | 0.0256*** (0.019) | 0.0543*** (0.015) | 0.0556*** (0.016) | 0.0373** (0.016) | 0.0351** (0.017) | 0.0251 (0.021) |
Survey data (CHIPs) | |||||||
 CHNS | − 0.0109 (0.017) | 0.0345 (0.021) | 0.0013 (0.017) | 0.0020 (0.017) | − 0.0030 (0.017) | − 0.0016 (0.017) | − 0.0204 (0.006) |
 CGSS | − 0.0093 (0.018) | 0.0274 (0.027) | 0.0026 (0.021) | 0.0029 (0.021) | 0.0036 (0.019) | 0.0052 (0.020) | 0.0356 (0.012) |
 Other household survey | 0.0151 (0.013) | 0.0253 (0.015) | 0.0171 (0.013) | 0.0169 (0.013) | 0.0160 (0.014) | 0.0159 (0.014) |  |
 Enterprise survey | − 0.0076 (0.027) | − 0.0092 (0.046) | − 0.0126 (0.034) | − 0.0124 (0.034) | 0.0205 (0.034) | 0.0206 (0.035) |  |
Data type (Cross-section data) | |||||||
 Panel data | 0.0249 (0.023) | − 0.0018 (0.038) | 0.0117 (0.028) | 0.0123 (0.029) | 0.0196 (0.019) | 0.0207 (0.019) | 0.0197 (0.020) |
Wage type (Bonus wage) | |||||||
 Regular wage | − 0.0099 (0.014) | − 0.0007 (0.016) | − 0.0056 (0.014) | − 0.0059 (0.014) | − 0.0091 (0.009) | − 0.0083 (0.009) | 0.0013 (0.003) |
Wage payment period (annual) | |||||||
 Monthly | 0.0292* (0.017) | − 0.0047 (0.014) | 0.0129 (0.016) | 0.0128 (0.016) | 0.0079 (0.013) | 0.0056 (0.013) | − 0.0123* (0.007) |
 Daily | 0.0271 (0.029) | − 0.0449** (0.022) | − 0.0142 (0.023) | − 0.0130 (0.024) | 0.0391* (0.021) | 0.0378* (0.020) |  |
 Hourly | 0.0414** (0.017) | − 0.0007 (0.019) | 0.0219 (0.017) | 0.0224 (0.017) | 0.0223** (0.011) | 0.0217** (0.010) | 0.0178*** (0.004) |
Wage variable type (actual value: Yuan) | |||||||
 Logarithm value | 0.0281* (0.016) | 0.0243 (0.015) | 0.0274 (0.014) | 0.0270* (0.014) | 0.0123 (0.012) | 0.0096 (0.011) | − 0.0130 (0.008) |
Estimator | |||||||
 OLS (estimators other than OLS) | 0.0135 (0.016) | 0.0103 (0.017) | 0.0162 (0.016) | 0.0163 (0.016) | 0.0064 (0.014) | 0.0058 (0.014) | 0.0026 (0.015) |
 IV/2SLS/3SLS | 0.0059 (0.016) | − 0.0112 (0.010) | 0.0002 (0.015) | 0.0005 (0.015) | 0.0122 (0.010) | 0.0119 (0.010) | 0.0105 (0.011) |
 Control for selection bias | 0.0609** (0.027) | 0.0639** (0.030) | 0.0679** (0.029) | 0.0696** (0.029) | 0.0615*** (0.021) | 0.0607*** (0.022) | 0.0556** (0.024) |
Control variables | |||||||
 Occupation | 0.0007 (0.011) | − 0.0010 (0.013) | − 0.0024 (0.011) | − 0.0026 (0.011) | 0.0102 (0.008) | 0.0097 (0.007) | 0.0056 (0.007) |
 Age | − 0.0123 (0.015) | 0.0234** (0.011) | 0.0055 (0.015) | 0.0065 (0.015) | 0.0115 (0.017) | 0.0146 (0.018) | 0.0871 (0.071) |
 Work experience/tenure | − 0.0024 (0.015) | 0.0161 (0.015) | − 0.0005 (0.015) | 0.0007 (0.015) | 0.0080 (0.014) | 0.0082 (0.014) | − 0.0091 (0.009) |
 Health status | − 0.0004 (0.016) | − 0.0141 (0.029) | − 0.0117 (0.020) | − 0.0111 (0.020) | − 0.0062 (0.012) | − 0.0050 (0.012) | 0.0093 (0.018) |
 Firm size | − 0.0310* (0.017) | 0.0031 (0.026) | − 0.0129 (0.020) | − 0.0131 (0.020) | − 0.0317 (0.015) | − 0.0331 (0.015) | − 0.0416 (0.017) |
 Trade union | − 0.0134 (0.030) | 0.1234** (0.054) | 0.0634 (0.051) | 0.0643 (0.051) | 0.0023 (0.021) | 0.0045 (0.021) | 0.0331 (0.001) |
 Location fixed effects | − 0.0173* (0.010) | − 0.0383*** (0.011) | − 0.0228** (0.011) | − 0.0224** (0.011) | − 0.0020 (0.011) | − 0.0015 (0.011) | 0.0007 (0.014) |
 Industry fixed effects | − 0.0003 (0.011) | − 0.0048 (0.012) | 0.0004 (0.010) | − 0.0006 (0.010) | 0.0068 (0.007) | 0.0084 (0.007) | 0.0186** (0.008) |
Estimation with an interaction term(s) | |||||||
 With an interaction term(s) (without interaction term) | 0.0115 (0.024) | − 0.0099 (0.031) | − 0.0060 (0.030) | − 0.0046 (0.030) | 0.0580** (0.023) | 0.0595*** (0.023) | 0.0685**** (0.020) |
Standard error of patial correlation coefficient | |||||||
 S.E. | − 0.1144 (0.451) | − 1.3543** (0.591) | − 0.3644 (0.467) | − 0.3941 (0.473) | 0.0744 (0.427) | 0.0957 (0.431) | 0.2105 (0.433) |
Constant | 6.0190*** (1.619) | 3.5734* (2.100) | 5.9380*** (1.703) | 5.9800*** (1.719) | 2.4447* (1.488) | 2.3147 (1.550) | 1.8033 (1.819) |
K | 1472 | 1472 | 1472 | 1472 | 1472 | 1472 | 1472 |
R2 | 0.200 | 0.338 | 0.194 | 0.192 | – | 0.119 | 0.011 |