Table 3 Linear regression models (DV: prejudice index, multiple imputations with k = 30, cluster robust standard errors due to nesting in 4004 households)
From: Prejudices against the unemployed—empirical evidence from Germany
Models | Model 1 coef. (t-value) | Model 2 coef. (t-value) | Model 3 coef. (t-value) |
|---|---|---|---|
Constant | 45.28*** (36.84) | 57.89*** (40.92) | 61.39*** (34.02) |
Disadvantaged groups | |||
Gender (1 = female) | 4.81*** (10.65) | 4.08*** (8.78) | 3.00** (2.62) |
Migration background (Ref.: none) | |||
1st generation | 6.12*** (7.66) | 5.13*** (6.45) | 9.41*** (5.10) |
2nd generation | 1.79 (1.89) | 1.77 (1.90) | 5.04* (2.18) |
Special needs (1 = yes) | 2.06* (2.51) | 1.53 (1.96) | –0.31 (–0.18) |
Mental health problems (1 = yes) | –2.10*** (–4.27) | –1.95*** (–4.18) | –1.69 (–1.46) |
Self-rated health (1 = (very) poor) | 0.67 (1.12) | 0.35 (0.61) | 0.95 (0.63) |
Body mass index (Ref.: std. weight) | |||
Underweight | 4.29* (2.37) | 3.73* (2.22) | –0.48 (–0.11) |
Overweight | 1.12 (1.92) | 0.73 (1.31) | 0.70 (0.51) |
Obesity | 3.06*** (4.37) | 1.38* (2.05) | 1.04 (0.64) |
Social status | |||
Highest educ. attainment (Ref.: low, none, “Hauptschulabschluss”) | |||
Medium (“Mittlere Reife”) | –3.78*** (–6.49) | –3.86*** (–6.65) | |
High (“Abitur”) | –9.19*** (–13.40) | –9.13*** (–13.33) | |
Monthly gross income (Ref.: 1st qu.) | |||
2nd quartile | –1.29* (–2.02) | −1.41* (-2.22) | |
3rd quartile | –1.93** (–2.93) | –2.16** (–3.28) | |
4th quartile | –3.66*** (–5.01) | –4.03*** (–5.53) | |
Job status (ISEI) | –0.11*** (–5.88) | –0.11*** (–6.23) | |
Disadvantaged groups*self-efficacy (self-eff.) | |||
Self-efficacy (self-eff., index) | –11.45** (–3.01) | ||
Female*self-eff. | 3.23 (0.96) | ||
1st generation*self-eff. | –13.72** (–2.60) | ||
2nd generation*self-eff. | –9.82 (–1.56) | ||
Special needs*self-eff. | 6.13 (1.29) | ||
Mental health problems*self-eff. | 1.27 (0.36) | ||
(Very) poor self-rated health*self-eff. | –1.01 (–0.24) | ||
Underweight*self-eff. | 12.83 (1.02) | ||
Overweight*self-eff. | 0.02 (0.00) | ||
Obesity*self-eff. | 0.75 (0.16) | ||
Control variables | |||
Age in years | –0.19*** (–8.56) | –0.20*** (–9.06) | –0.19*** (–8.99) |
Work is most important in life | 4.02*** (8.46) | 2.54*** (5.55) | 2.54*** (5.55) |
Agreeability index, Big 5 | –5.95*** (–4.22) | –5.21*** (–3.86) | –5.12*** (–3.81) |
Marital status (1 = married and same hh) | 0.69 (1.33) | 1.12* (2.30) | 1.13* (2.34) |
Unemployed hh-member (1 = yes) | 1.68 (1.80) | −1.04 (−1.14) | −0.76 (−0.84) |
Unemployed in the past (1 = yes) | 0.99 (0.87) | –1.09 (–0.98) | –0.94 (–0.86) |
Duration of unemployment in months | 0.05 (1.88) | 0.04 (1.43) | 0.04 (1.53) |
N | 4977 | 4977 | 4977 |
R2 | 0.073 | 0.168 | 0.178 |
\(R_{adjusted}^{2}\) | 0.070 | 0.164 | 0.173 |