|
Log employment growth rate
|
Manufacturing
|
Services
|
|---|
|
Second stage
|
|
DSL availability
|
− 0.143 (− 1.50)
|
− 0.053 (− 0.74)
|
0.194** (2.18)
|
0.225*** (2.87)
|
|
Establishment controls
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
|
Municipality controls
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
|
Year FE
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
|
Industry FE (3-digit)
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
|
District FE
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
|
Observations
|
14,029
|
14,823
|
17,706
|
18,650
|
|
Adjusted R2
|
0.060
|
0.064
|
0.052
|
0.047
|
|
First stage
|
|
Distance to MDF > 4.2 km (measured from population-weighted centroid)
|
− 0.063 (− 6.50)***
| |
− 0.084 (− 5.52)***
| |
|
Share of land area above 4.2 km distance threshold
| |
− 0.110 (− 5.80)***
| |
− 0.157 (− 5.94)***
|
|
Adj. R-sq.
|
0.463
|
0.461
|
0.410
|
0.427
|
|
Robust F stat.
|
42.424
|
33.837
|
30.665
|
35.465
|
|
Prob > F
|
0.000
|
0.000
|
0.000
|
0.000
|
|
Test of endogeneity p-valuea
|
0.117
|
0.444
|
0.074
|
0.010
|
- aWooldridge (1995) robust score test of regressor endogeneity (H0 = exogenous). Data sources: Broadband Atlas Germany, Deutsche Telekom, Google Earth, Corine Land Cover database, BHP 7510
- t statistics in parentheses. * p < 0.10, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01. All estimations weighted by full-time employment. Constant omitted from output. Standard errors clustered at the municipality level
