Table 7 IV estimates, Western Germany, knowledge- and computer-intensive industries

Second stage

DSL availability

0.454 (1.95)*

0.616 (3.12)***

0.269 (2.24)**

0.273 (3.38)***

Establishment controls

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Municipality controls

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Year FE

Yes

Yes

Industry FE (3-digit)

Yes

Yes

District FE

Yes

Yes

Observations

5868

5868

17,740

17,740

Adjusted R²

0.022

0.135

. ^a

0.045

First stage

Distance to MDF > 4.2 km

− 0.067 (− 2.65)***

− 0.054 (− 4.96)***

− 0.054 (− 4.74)***

− 0.059 (− 6.53)***

Adjusted R²

0.263

0.620

0.134

0.402

Robust F stat.

7.030

25.246

22.462

42.929

Prob > F

0.008

0.000

0.000

0.000

Test of endogeneity p-value^‡

0.174

0.038

0.012

0.013