Table 10 Multinomial logit regression results (PASS)—coefficients

Benefit receipt in t−1

5.0089***

0.1222

3.2356***

0.1136

2.0559***

0.1204

Benefit receipt and employment in t−1

3.2084***

0.1231

3.9670***

0.1107

0.6272***

0.1721

Inactivity in t−1

2.7759***

0.1391

1.1506***

0.1821

2.9883***

0.1123

Benefit receipt in t0

1.7534***

0.1378

0.9284***

0.1280

1.0638***

0.1258

Benefit receipt and employment in t0

0.8209***

0.1412

1.0580***

0.1317

0.2962

0.1559

Inactivity in t0

1.2149***

0.1435

0.4815**

0.1512

1.3501***

0.1130

Population sample

− 0.9526***

0.1080

− 1.0778***

0.1167

− 0.2895**

0.0931

Age (in years)

0.0152***

0.0046

0.0290***

0.0047

0.0024

0.0050

Male

0.0317

0.0750

− 0.2323**

0.0764

− 0.6482***

0.0782

Intermediate education

− 0.6340***

0.0791

− 0.4815***

0.0811

− 0.3014***

0.0837

High education

− 1.0814***

0.1219

− 0.8814***

0.1227

− 0.5040***

0.1106

Health restriction

0.5832***

0.1317

0.0201

0.1392

0.3749**

0.1417

Migration Background

0.1588

0.0883

0.2329**

0.0860

0.2095*

0.0893

Partner in same HH

− 1.0662***

0.2368

− 0.6654**

0.2489

− 0.1677

0.2622

Child < 2 years old

1.2890***

0.2118

0.7480**

0.2428

1.4878***

0.1845

Child 2–3 years old

0.4752*

0.2032

0.7053**

0.2154

0.2797

0.1689

Child 4–6 years old

0.0342

0.1842

0.5608**

0.1831

− 0.0322

0.1547

Child 7–16 years old

0.3058

0.1739

0.5866***

0.1714

− 0.1857

0.1586

Regional unemployment rate

0.0940**

0.0311

0.0928**

0.0308

0.0582

0.0322

Eastern Germany

0.3981

1.0921

0.3123

0.7108

− 1.0114

0.8594

M: Health restriction

0.7814***

0.1693

0.4949**

0.1750

0.3968*

0.1809

M: Partner in same HH

0.1436

0.2522

− 0.0556

0.2628

0.3880

0.2782

M: Child < 2 years old

0.3083

0.3795

0.0397

0.4074

0.2322

0.3552

M: Child 2–3 years old

0.1600

0.3282

− 0.0200

0.3400

0.0412

0.2910

M: Child 4–6 years old

0.1265

0.2539

− 0.4625

0.2544

0.0538

0.2294

M: Child 7–16 years old

− 0.1758

0.1942

− 0.1777

0.1936

0.0678

0.1824

M: Regional unemployment rate

0.0150

0.0301

0.0044

0.0300

− 0.0115

0.0315

M: Eastern Germany

− 0.4857

1.0931

− 0.3727

0.7126

0.7945

0.8604

Wave 4

0.4489***

0.1300

0.5118***

0.1344

− 0.1953

0.1223

Wave 5

0.0954

0.1222

0.0446

0.1261

− 0.3006*

0.1183

Wave 6

0.1244

0.1249

0.1017

0.1304

− 0.3620**

0.1216

Wave 7

0.2867*

0.1198

0.2216

0.1228

− 0.1799

0.1169

Wave 8

0.3371**

0.1225

0.3311**

0.1270

− 0.2541*

0.1198

RE1/RE2/RE3

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

Constant

− 5.9643***

0.2915

− 5.5895***

0.2972

− 3.8094***

0.2826

Var(RE1)/Var(RE2)/Var(RE3)

0.8546***

0.2091

0.5998***

0.1647

0.7568***

0.1748