Table 4 Descriptive statistics
From: Decomposing international gender test score differences
Variable | Mean | Std. dev | Minimum value | Maximum value | No. of obs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Test scores | |||||
Math scores | |||||
Math scores (girls) | 469.1 | 102.6 | 19.8 | 912.3 | 242375 |
Math scores (boys) | 478.8 | 107.5 | 34.7 | 962.2 | 237799 |
Math (OECD) | 494.05 | 104.7 | 59.67 | 896.8 | 295,416 |
Math scores (girls, OECD) | 488.2 | 101.7 | 98.23 | 896.8 | 147,717 |
Math scores (boys, OECD) | 499.8 | 107.1 | 59.67 | 891.3 | 147,699 |
Math (Non-OECD) | 451.93 | 98.6 | 19.79 | 962.2 | 184,758 |
Math scores (Girls, Non-OECD) | 448.6 | 96.8 | 19.79 | 912.3 | 94,658 |
Math scores (Boys, Non-OECD) | 455.3 | 100.3 | 34.75 | 962.2 | 90,100 |
Reading scores | |||||
Reading scores (Girls) | 493.08 | 97.93 | 0.0834 | 904.8 | 242,375 |
Reading scores (Boys) | 455.85 | 105.7 | 0.0834 | 889.3 | 237,799 |
Reading (OECD) | 496.4 | 105.9 | 2.546 | 904.8 | 295,416 |
Reading (Girls, OECD) | 515.2 | 99.2 | 2.546 | 904.8 | 147,717 |
Reading (Boys, OECD) | 478.1 | 108.2 | 3.911 | 889.3 | 147,699 |
Reading (Non-OECD) | 450.3 | 94 | 0.083 | 838.7 | 184,758 |
Reading (Girls, Non-OECD) | 469.3 | 89.1 | 0.083 | 836.8 | 94,658 |
Reading (Boys, Non-OECD) | 431 | 95.6 | 0.083 | 838.7 | 90,100 |
Math sub-scale (content) scores | |||||
Change and relationship (OECD) | 492.6 | 115.7 | 10.68 | 941.9 | 295,416 |
Change and relationship (Girls, OECD) | 487.0 | 111.9 | 10.68 | 873.9 | 147,717 |
Change and relationship (Boys, OECD) | 498.2 | 118.9 | 17.46 | 941.9 | 147,699 |
Change and relationship (Non-OECD) | 448.4 | 110 | 6.551 | 980.8 | 184,758 |
Change and relationship (Girls, Non-OECD) | 446.1 | 107.7 | 6.551 | 968.7 | 94,658 |
Change and relationship (Boys, Non-OECD) | 450.9 | 112.1 | 6.551 | 980.8 | 90,100 |
Quantity (OECD) | 495.2 | 110 | 20.42 | 885.5 | 295,416 |
Quantity (Girls, OECD) | 489.6 | 107.2 | 20.42 | 855.5 | 147,717 |
Quantity (Boys, OECD) | 500.8 | 112.3 | 26.88 | 885.5 | 147,699 |
Quantity (Non-OECD) | 448.2 | 103.2 | 3.357 | 934.9 | 184,758 |
Quantity (Girls, Non-OECD) | 444.3 | 101.3 | 7.875 | 907.8 | 94,658 |
Quantity (Boys, Non-OECD) | 452.2 | 104.9 | 3.357 | 934.9 | 90,100 |
Space and shape (OECD ) | 489.7 | 112.6 | 1.254 | 963.2 | 295,416 |
Space and shape (Girls, OECD) | 481.6 | 110 | 13.33 | 917.8 | 147,717 |
Space and shape (Boys, OECD) | 497.6 | 114.3 | 1.254 | 963.2 | 147,699 |
Space and shape (Non-OECD) | 456.6 | 108.1 | 3.980 | 1082.1 | 184,758 |
Space and shape (Girls, Non-OECD) | 450.9 | 107.2 | 3.980 | 1022.1 | 94,658 |
Space and shape (Boys, Non-OECD) | 462.4 | 108.8 | 24.47 | 1082.1 | 90,100 |
Uncertainty and data (OECD) | 493.2 | 105.6 | 7.953 | 892.2 | 295,416 |
Uncertainty and data (Girls, OECD) | 488.6 | 102.1 | 7.953 | 849.7 | 147,717 |
Uncertainty and data (Boys, OECD) | 497.8 | 108.7 | 7.953 | 892.2 | 147,699 |
Uncertainty and data (Non-OECD) | 449.1 | 93.11 | 9.044 | 941.1 | 184,758 |
Uncertainty and data (Girls, Non-OECD) | 447.8 | 90.64 | 9.044 | 905.3 | 94,658 |
Uncertainty and data (Boys, Non-OECD) | 450.5 | 95.46 | 24.39 | 941.1 | 90,100 |
Students’ own characteristics | |||||
Gender of a student (Reference category is “Male”) | |||||
Female | 0.4998 | 500 | 0 | 1 | 242,375 |
Male | 0.5 | 500 | 0 | 1 | 237,799 |
Age of the student | |||||
Age | 15.78 | 0.291 | 15.17 | 16.33 | 480,058 |
Age (Missing) | 0.0001 | 0.012 | 0 | 1 | 116 |
Age (After imputation) | 15.78 | 0.291 | 15.17 | 16.33 | 480,174 |
Grade in which students are enrolled (reference category: Grade 7 + 8 + 9) | |||||
Grade 7 + 8 + 9 | 0.452 | 0.498 | 0 | 1 | 179,603 |
Grade 10 + 11 + 12 + 13 | 0.546 | 0.498 | 0 | 1 | 299,698 |
Ungraded | 0.0025 | 0.0504 | 0 | 1 | 873 |
Country of birth (Reference category is “Other country”) | |||||
Country of test | 0.915 | 0.2783 | 0 | 1 | 437,025 |
Other country | 0.066 | 0.248 | 0 | 1 | 34,126 |
N/A + Invalid + Missing | 0.019 | 0.135 | 0 | 1 | 9023 |
Family characteristics | |||||
Mothers’ Education (Reference category is “None + Primary + Lower secondary + Upper secondary “) | |||||
None + Primary + Lower secondary + Upper secondary | 0.32 | 0.466 | 0 | 1 | 157,228 |
Post secondary + Tertiary (Bachelor) + Tertiary (Master, Doctoral) | 0.641 | 0.48 | 0 | 1 | 304,692 |
Missing | 0.04 | 0.195 | 0 | 1 | 18,254 |
Fathers’ Education (Reference category is “None + Primary + Lower secondary + Upper secondary “) | |||||
None + Primary + Lower secondary + Upper secondary | 0.32 | 0.467 | 0 | 1 | 158,477 |
Post secondary + Tertiary (Bachelor) + Tertiary (Master, Doctoral) | 0.611 | 0.488 | 0 | 1 | 289,539 |
Missing | 0.069 | 0.253 | 0 | 1 | 32,158 |
Mothers’ work status (Reference category is “Part-time + Looking for a job + other”) | |||||
Mothers working full time | 0.4701 | 0.499 | 0 | 1 | 215,933 |
Part-time + Looking for a job + Other | 0.492 | 0.5 | 0 | 1 | 246,620 |
N/A + Invalid + Missing | 0.038 | 0.191 | 0 | 1 | 17,621 |
Fathers’ work status (Reference category is “Part-time + Looking for a job + other”) | |||||
Fathers working full time | 0.6995 | 0.458 | 0 | 1 | 335,802 |
Part-time + Looking for a job + Other | 0.229 | 0.42 | 0 | 1 | 110,709 |
N/A + Invalid + Missing | 0.072 | 0.258 | 0 | 1 | 33,663 |
Family structure (Reference category is “Single parent”) | |||||
Single parent | 0.121 | 0.326 | 0 | 1 | 57,304 |
Two parents | 0.74 | 0.439 | 0 | 1 | 356,286 |
Other + Missing | 0.139 | 0.346 | 0 | 1 | 66,584 |
International language at home (Reference category is “Other language”) | |||||
Language of the test | 0.852 | 0.355 | 0 | 1 | 403,608 |
Other language | 0.108 | 0.311 | 0 | 1 | 56,687 |
N/A + Invalid + Missing | 0.039 | 0.194 | 0 | 1 | 19,879 |
School/class characteristics | |||||
School category (Reference category is “Private school”) | |||||
Public school | 0.797 | 0.403 | 0 | 1 | 378,889 |
Private school | 0.184 | 0.388 | 0 | 1 | 93,041 |
N/A + Invalid + Missing | 0.019 | 0.137 | 0 | 1 | 8244 |
School autonomy | |||||
School autonomy | − 0.072 | 1.057 | − 2.872 | 1.604 | 470,968 |
Missing | 0.021 | 0.142 | 0 | 1 | 9206 |
School autonomy (Imputed) | − 0.072 | 1.046 | − 2.872 | 1.604 | 480,174 |
Class size | |||||
Class size | 29.06 | 9.42 | 13 | 53 | 462,865 |
Missing | 0.03 | 0.17 | 0 | 1 | 17,309 |
Class size (Imputed) | 29.06 | 9.28 | 13 | 53 | 480,174 |
Quality of physical infrastructure | |||||
Quality of physical infrastructure | − 0.118 | 1.048 | − 2.76 | 1.305 | 461,829 |
Missing | 0.042 | 0.202 | 0 | 1 | 18,345 |
Quality of physical infrastructure(Imputed) | − 0.118 | 1.026 | − 2.76 | 1.305 | 480,174 |
Proportion of girls at school | |||||
Proportion of girls at school | 0.488 | 0.196 | 0 | 1 | 465,353 |
N/A + Invalid + Missing | 0.037 | 0.189 | 0 | 1 | 14,821 |
Proportion of girls at school(Imputed) | 0.488 | 0.193 | 0 | 1 | 480,174 |
Proportion of certified teachers at school | |||||
Proportion of certified teachers at school | 0.865 | 0.275 | 0 | 1 | 376,980 |
N/A + Invalid + Missing | 0.183 | 0.387 | 0 | 1 | 103,194 |
Proportion of certified teachers at school (Imputed) | 0.865 | 0.249 | 0 | 1 | 480,174 |
Students’ perceptions or beliefs about learning | |||||
Difference in test effort = (PISA Effort – School Mark Effort) (Reference category is “Positive test effort”) | |||||
Difference in test effort excluding N/A, Invalid and Missing | 0.873 | 0.333 | 0 | 1 | 418,698 |
N/A + Invalid + Missing | 0.127 | 0.333 | 0 | 1 | 61,476 |
Difference in test effort (Negative or zero) | 0.276 | 0.447 | 0 | 1 | 127,858 |
Difference in test effort (Positive) | 0.597 | 0.490 | 0 | 1 | 290,840 |
Out of school study time | |||||
Out of school study time (Excluding missing) | 11.11 | 10.58 | 0 | 180 | 305,317 |
Missing | 0.365 | 0.481 | 0 | 1 | 174,857 |
Out of school study time (Imputed) | 11.11 | 8.431 | 0 | 180 | 480,174 |
Perseverance(willingness to work on problems that are difficult) | |||||
Perseverance (Excluding missing) | 0.124 | 0.995 | − 4.053 | 3.529 | 309,742 |
Missing | 0.356 | 0.479 | 0 | 1 | 170,432 |
Perseverance (Imputed) | 0.124 | 0.797 | − 4.053 | 3.529 | 480,174 |
Perceived control (can succeed with enough effort) (Reference category is “Disagree, Strongly disagree”) | |||||
Strongly agree | 0.308 | 0.462 | 0 | 1 | 153,582 |
Agree | 0.291 | 0.454 | 0 | 1 | 136,272 |
Disagree, Strongly disagree | 0.048 | 0.214 | 0 | 1 | 21,667 |
N/A + Invalid + Missing | 0.353 | 0.478 | 0 | 1 | 168,653 |
Instrumental motivation (good for career chances) (Reference category is “Disagree, Strongly disagree”) | |||||
Strongly agree | 0.195 | 0.396 | 0 | 1 | 98,403 |
Agree | 0.315 | 0.465 | 0 | 1 | 151,583 |
Disagree, Strongly disagree | 0.137 | 0.344 | 0 | 1 | 61,790 |
N/A + Invalid + Missing | 0.353 | 0.478 | 0 | 1 | 168,398 |
Instrumental motivation (good to get a job) (Reference category is “Disagree, Strongly disagree”) | |||||
Strongly agree | 0.167 | 0.373 | 0 | 1 | 84,270 |
Agree | 0.306 | 0.461 | 0 | 1 | 148,611 |
Disagree, Strongly disagree | 0.174 | 0.379 | 0 | 1 | 78,895 |
N/A + Invalid + Missing | 0.352 | 0.478 | 0 | 1 | 168,398 |
Country characteristics | |||||
Non-OECD | 0.4770 | 0.499 | 0 | 1 | 184,758 |
OECD | 0.5230 | 0.499 | 0 | 1 | 295,416 |
GDP per capita (PPP) | 33,937.2 | 24,246.2 | 5000.8 | 135,421.7 | 479,881 |
GGI | 0.7108 | 0.0544 | 0.6015 | 0.864 | 452,918 |
Gender ratio at PISA test | 1.019 | 0.0854 | 0.84 | 1.3 | 478,413 |
Expenditures on education (%) | 5.0116 | 1.372 | 2.1 | 8.7 | 450,865 |