From: Decomposing international gender test score differences
Mathematics | Reading | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | Gender score difference | Male | Female | Gender score difference | |
Individual characteristics | ||||||
Age | 1.001 | 0.930 | 0.071 | 0.731 | 0.775 | − 0.567 |
Grade | 11.66 | 9.950 | 1.71 | 12.67 | 10.24 | 2.43 |
Country of birth | 1.675 | 1.577 | 0.098 | 1.235 | 1.098 | 0.137 |
Family characteristics | ||||||
Mother’s education | 4.30 | 6.09 | − 1.79 | 4.706 | 5.947 | − 1.241 |
Father’s education | 5.414 | 5.457 | − 0.043 | 4.180 | 3.976 | 0.204 |
Mother’s work | 4.217 | 5.763 | − 1.546 | 3.605 | 5.354 | − 1.749 |
Father’s work | 5.841 | 5.467 | 0.374 | 5.540 | 4.896 | 0.644 |
Family structure | 1.734 | 1.178 | 0.556 | 0.930 | − 0.106 | 1.036 |
Language | 2.401 | 0.856 | 1.545 | 6.44 | 5.276 | 1.164 |
Home possession | 16.89 | 17.83 | − 0.94 | 14.98 | 17.51 | − 2.53 |
Schooling characteristics | ||||||
Public schools | − 3.897 | − 1.769 | − 2.128 | − 7.069 | − 2.88 | − 4.189 |
6.370 | 7.563 | − 1.193 | 5.502 | 6.234 | − 0.732 | |
Class size | 9.425 | 9.122 | 0.303 | 10.44 | 7.932 | 2.508 |
Quality of physical infrastructure | 2.904 | 2.65 | 0.254 | 2.183 | 1.534 | 0.649 |
Percentage of girls at school | 7.983 | − 0.872 | 8.855 | 8.807 | 1.667 | 7.14 |
Certified teachers | 7.697 | 9.528 | − 1.831 | 6.796 | 7.164 | − 0.368 |
Teacher–student ratio | − 3.570 | − 4.763 | 1.193 | − 1.818 | − 2.858 | 1.04 |
Teacher–student relations | − 1.409 | − 0.218 | − 1.191 | − 1.580 | − 1.120 | − 0.46 |
Belief characteristics | ||||||
Difference in test efforts | − 3.565 | − 2.083 | − 1.482 | − 5.635 | − 3.837 | − 1.798 |
Out of school study hours | 1.586 | 5.825 | − 4.239 | 0.236 | 3.810 | − 3.574 |
Perseverance | 9.765 | 6.977 | 2.788 | 8.79 | 6.136 | 2.654 |
Success | 16.52 | 10.85 | 5.67 | 11.85 | 6.055 | 5.795 |
Career motive | 12.52 | 10.06 | 2.46 | 7.424 | 5.476 | 1.948 |
Job motive | − 2.88 | − 4.589 | 1.709 | − 8.765 | − 9.541 | 0.776 |
Subjective norms | − 12.40 | − 9.155 | − 3.245 | |||
Country characteristics | ||||||
GDP | − 0.342 | 0.963 | − 1.305 | 0.976 | 0.723 | 0.253 |
GGI | − 0.908 | 1.507 | − 2.415 | 0.826 | 0.621 | 0.205 |
Gender ratio at PISA | − 12.21 | − 10.37 | − 1.84 | − 7.641 | − 7.302 | − 0.339 |
Education expenditure | 11.47 | 11.02 | 0.45 | 12.06 | 12.74 | − 0.68 |