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Table 1 Ceteris–paribus shifts in math and reading test scores due to a one standard deviation shift in individual variables

From: Decomposing international gender test score differences

 

Mathematics

Reading

Male

Female

Gender score difference

Male

Female

Gender score difference

Individual characteristics

 

Age

1.001

0.930

0.071

0.731

0.775

− 0.567

Grade

11.66

9.950

1.71

12.67

10.24

2.43

Country of birth

1.675

1.577

0.098

1.235

1.098

0.137

Family characteristics

 

Mother’s education

4.30

6.09

− 1.79

4.706

5.947

− 1.241

Father’s education

5.414

5.457

− 0.043

4.180

3.976

0.204

Mother’s work

4.217

5.763

− 1.546

3.605

5.354

− 1.749

Father’s work

5.841

5.467

0.374

5.540

4.896

0.644

Family structure

1.734

1.178

0.556

0.930

− 0.106

1.036

Language

2.401

0.856

1.545

6.44

5.276

1.164

Home possession

16.89

17.83

− 0.94

14.98

17.51

− 2.53

Schooling characteristics

 

Public schools

− 3.897

− 1.769

− 2.128

− 7.069

− 2.88

− 4.189

 

6.370

7.563

− 1.193

5.502

6.234

− 0.732

Class size

9.425

9.122

0.303

10.44

7.932

2.508

Quality of physical infrastructure

2.904

2.65

0.254

2.183

1.534

0.649

Percentage of girls at school

7.983

− 0.872

8.855

8.807

1.667

7.14

Certified teachers

7.697

9.528

− 1.831

6.796

7.164

− 0.368

Teacher–student ratio

− 3.570

− 4.763

1.193

− 1.818

− 2.858

1.04

Teacher–student relations

− 1.409

− 0.218

− 1.191

− 1.580

− 1.120

− 0.46

Belief characteristics

 

Difference in test efforts

− 3.565

− 2.083

− 1.482

− 5.635

− 3.837

− 1.798

Out of school study hours

1.586

5.825

− 4.239

0.236

3.810

− 3.574

Perseverance

9.765

6.977

2.788

8.79

6.136

2.654

Success

16.52

10.85

5.67

11.85

6.055

5.795

Career motive

12.52

10.06

2.46

7.424

5.476

1.948

Job motive

− 2.88

− 4.589

1.709

− 8.765

− 9.541

0.776

Subjective norms

− 12.40

− 9.155

− 3.245

   

Country characteristics

 

GDP

− 0.342

0.963

− 1.305

0.976

0.723

0.253

GGI

− 0.908

1.507

− 2.415

0.826

0.621

0.205

Gender ratio at PISA

− 12.21

− 10.37

− 1.84

− 7.641

− 7.302

− 0.339

Education expenditure

11.47

11.02

0.45

12.06

12.74

− 0.68

  1. Gender score inequality is calculated by subtracting the female scores from male scores where positive values are indicating the gender inequality towards females. Male and female test scores are calculated on the basis that one standard deviation increase in particular characteristic e.g. age is associated with an increase of 0.071 score points in math gender score gap