Of carrots and sticks: the effect of workfare announcements on the job search behaviour and reservation wage of welfare recipients

Hohmeyer, Katrin; Wolff, Joachim

doi:10.1186/s12651-018-0245-9

Journal for Labour Market Research

Table 7 Coefficients of probit estimates and shares among controls before and after matching.

From: Of carrots and sticks: the effect of workfare announcements on the job search behaviour and reservation wage of welfare recipients

	Coefficient	p-value	Mean: controls before matching	Mean: controls after matching
Female	− 0.376	0.314	0.542	0.480
West Germany	1.009	0.540	0.657	0.524
Female* West Germany	− 0.267	0.098	0.365	0.231
Wave	Reference: Wave 4 (2010)
Wave 5 (2011)	− 0.140	0.073	0.235	0.269
Wave 6 (2012)	− 0.310	0.078	0.294	0.214
Wave 7 (2013)	− 0.264	0.094	0.266	0.191
Age in years	Reference: 15–24 years
25–34	− 0.148	0.132	0.179	0.144
35–44	− 0.120	0.153	0.219	0.229
45–54	− 0.059	0.155	0.296	0.352
55–64	− 0.126	0.172	0.258	0.207
Migration background	Reference: none
Information missing	0.023	0.147	0.031	0.035
Person is immigrated	− 0.026	0.096	0.174	0.131
At least one (grand-)parent immigrated	0.075	0.073	0.078	0.083
Health problems	Reference: none
Health restrictions	0.053	0.043	0.464	0.475
Any mental disorders	0.076	0.056	0.636	0.655
School degree	Reference: secondary school
No degree, other degree, information missing	0.355	0.093	0.077	0.113
Intermediate school	0.159	0.059	0.334	0.410
Upper secondary school	− 0.128	0.103	0.157	0.105
Occupational degree	Reference: none, semi-skilled
Vocational training	− 0.257	0.103	0.607	0.595
University degree	− 0.036	0.175	0.089	0.076
Female*vocational training	0.162	0.199	0.324	0.296
Female*university degree	− 0.101	0.276	0.042	0.025
Time since last occupational degree (years)	Reference: up to 10 years
Information missing	− 0.001	0.145	0.103	0.127
11–20	0.015	0.126	0.115	0.099
21–30	0.014	0.141	0.163	0.198
> 30	0.108	0.116	0.250	0.232
Female*information missing	0.522	0.248	0.052	0.065
Female*no degree	0.381	0.222	0.151	0.132
Female*11–20 years	0.412	0.220	0.062	0.049
Female*21–30 years	0.432	0.210	0.088	0.106
Female*> 30 years	0.229	0.165	0.123	0.102
Own children living in the household	Reference: none
Child aged 0–6 years	0.002	0.136	0.157	0.120
Child aged 7–14 years	0.047	0.139	0.191	0.169
Child aged 15 or above	0.266	0.110	0.158	0.193
Female*child aged 0–6 years	0.045	0.175	0.117	0.081
Female*child aged 7–14 years	− 0.113	0.182	0.146	0.125
Female*child aged 15 years or above	− 0.142	0.128	0.116	0.136
Current status
Providing informal care to relative or friend	− 0.014	0.086	0.091	0.087
Social engagement	− 0.029	0.065	0.269	0.257
Minor employment	− 0.349	0.067	0.234	0.152
Registered as unemployed	− 0.119	0.311	0.918	0.936
Obliged to search for a job	0.170	0.073	0.602	0.744
Frequency of job centre contact during previous year	Reference: 0–1×
2–10×	− 0.017	0.093	0.643	0.649
11–20×	− 0.041	0.116	0.126	0.129
> 20×	0.168	0.106	0.107	0.136
Integration agreement signed	0.264	0.060	0.563	0.710
Time since last contributory job ended	Reference: < 2 years ago
Never employed	0.052	0.121	0.074	0.076
Information missing	0.215	0.121	0.074	0.068
2–< 6 years ago	0.089	0.075	0.258	0.236
≥ 6 years ago	0.176	0.068	0.409	0.444
Occupational status in last job	Reference: blue collar
White-collar worker	− 0.079	0.045	0.381	0.341
Else: Civil servant, self-employed, family worker	− 0.136	0.080	0.175	0.149
Unemployment during previous year	Reference: none
Some time unemployed	0.197	0.375	0.118	0.112
Unemployed throughout the year	0.218	0.370	0.805	0.827
Some time unemployed*female	− 0.036	0.241	0.062	0.054
Unemployed throughout the year*female	− 0.093	0.217	0.425	0.388
Some time out of labour force during previous year	− 0.110	0.060	0.254	0.159
Living together with a partner	Reference: no
Partner without further information in the data	− 0.146	0.130	0.069	0.080
Partner with further information in the data, non-married	− 0.025	0.119	0.057	0.068
Partner with further information in the data, married	− 0.498	0.110	0.201	0.138
Female*partner without further information in the data	0.134	0.206	0.038	0.041
Female*partner with further information in the data, non-married	0.120	0.179	0.030	0.029
Female*partner with further information in the data, married	0.503	0.141	0.099	0.082
Household receives UB II for	Reference: up to 5 months
6–11 months	− 0.070	0.156	0.054	0.039
12 months and more	0.013	0.144	0.904	0.918
Deprivation index, weighted (item sum: 11.08)	Reference: ≤ 1
1.1–2	0.053	0.078	0.317	0.324
2.1–3	− 0.061	0.072	0.251	0.242
3.1–4	− 0.044	0.086	0.106	0.108
> 4	0.191	0.110	0.056	0.093
Regional labour market situation
Regional unemployment rate missing	1.010	0.440	0.024	0.042
Unemployment rate*East Germany	0.145	0.022	3.885	5.685
Long-term unemployment rate*East Germany	− 0.209	0.062	1.340	1.894
Vacancy-unemployment rate*East Germany	1.382	2.079	0.024	0.029
Unemployment rate*West Germany	0.038	0.038	5.077	4.142
Long-term unemployment rate*West Germany	− 0.091	0.078	1.875	1.499
Vacancy-unemployment rate*West Germany	− 0.639	0.525	0.100	0.071
Job centre information
Inflow rate into sanctions	− 0.033	0.046	1.513	1.393
Inflow rate into One-Euro-Jobs	0.060	0.028	0.980	1.191
Female inflow rate into One-Euro-Jobs*female	− 0.021	0.029	0.418	0.501
Inflow rate into One-Euro-Jobs aged < 25 years*aged < 25 years	0.084	0.054	0.048	0.087
Regional indicator for urban–rural ratio (BIK)	Reference: < 20,000 inhabitants
20,000–49,999 inhabitants; struct. type 1–4	− 0.101	0.129	0.090	0.092
50,000–99,999 inhabitants; struct. type 2–4	− 0.001	0.140	0.076	0.077
50,000–99,999 inhabitants; struct. type 1	0.016	0.121	0.053	0.056
100,000–499,999 inhabitants; struct. type 2–4	0.144	0.138	0.109	0.143
100,000–499,999 inhabitants; struct. type 1	− 0.037	0.104	0.212	0.182
500,000+ inhabitants; struct. type 2–4	0.077	0.140	0.058	0.054
500,000+ inhabitants; struct. type 1	0.085	0.103	0.270	0.252
Constant	− 2.167	0.616
Pseudo-R2	0.105
Number of observations	5261

Dependent variable in probit estimation: receiving a One-Euro-Job announcement

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