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Journal for Labour Market Research

Table 1 Determinants of material deprivation (four deprivation indices, log-linear regression coefficients)

From: Is material deprivation decreasing in Germany? A trend analysis using PASS data from 2006 to 2013

Independent variables

Cannot afford

Cannot afford (weighted with necessities)

Cannot afford (weighted with prevalences)

Have not

A1

A2

B

C

A1

A2

B

C

A1

A2

B

C

A1

A2

B

C

Resident population

t

− 0.042***

− 0.052***

− 0.046***

− 0.109***

− 0.051***

− 0.060***

− 0.063***

− 0.104***

− 0.019*

− 0.024***

− 0.021*

− 0.081***

− 0.026***

− 0.025***

− 0.028***

− 0.037***

(0.010)

(0.007)

(0.010)

(0.003)

(0.011)

(0.008)

(0.010)

(0.007)

(0.010)

(0.007)

(0.010)

(0.004)

(0.004)

(0.003)

(0.004)

(0.002)

Sample wave 1

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Refreshment sample wave 5

− 0.030

0.019

− 0.054

0

0.034

0.111*

0.053

0

0.007

0.063

− 0.007

0

− 0.011

− 0.012

0.006

0

(0.080)

(0.046)

(0.070)

 

(0.088)

(0.052)

(0.071)

 

(0.081)

(0.044)

(0.068)

 

(0.038)

(0.017)

(0.030)

 

t * Refreshment sample wave 5

0.022

− 0.030

0.005

− 0.002

− 0.062

− 0.077*

− 0.060

− 0.037

− 0.028

− 0.069*

− 0.039

− 0.037*

0.012

0.017

0.007

0.021*

(0.053)

(0.033)

(0.038)

(0.017)

(0.061)

(0.038)

(0.044)

(0.035)

(0.055)

(0.032)

(0.038)

(0.021)

(0.023)

(0.012)

(0.020)

(0.010)

CATI

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

CAPI

0.010

− 0.033

− 0.038

− 0.013

0.155***

0.079**

0.106*

− 0.004

0.054

− 0.009

Reference

− 0.013

0.063***

0.042***

0.045**

0.003

(0.050)

(0.027)

(0.057)

(0.024)

(0.049)

(0.030)

(0.047)

(0.049)

(0.049)

(0.026)

(0.054)

(0.031)

(0.018)

(0.010)

(0.018)

(0.017)

Constant

11.385***

12.228***

11.410***

 

5.553***

5.800***

5.754***

 

9.869***

10.744***

9.911***

 

5.146***

5.247***

5.310***

 

(0.398)

(0.252)

(0.385)

 

(0.342)

(0.180)

(0.333)

 

(0.380)

(0.234)

(0.353)

 

(0.141)

(0.080)

(0.146)

 

ln(Dispersion parameter)

0.216***

0.392***

0.354***

0

− 2.547***

0

− 2.298***

0

− 0.300***

− 0.190***

− 0.184***

0

− 2.544***

− 2.503***

− 2.270***

0

(0.040)

(0.022)

(0.038)

 

(0.266)

 

(0.224)

 

(0.049)

(0.030)

(0.047)

 

(0.090)

(0.048)

(0.084)

 

Observations

42,448

19,650

42,101

26,055

42,448

19,650

42,101

26,055

42,448

19,650

42,101

26,055

42,448

19,650

42,101

38,030

Individuals

12,884

3741

12,706

5930

12,884

3741

12,706

5930

12,884

3741

12,706

5930

12,884

3741

12,706

8948

UBII recipients

t

− 0.063***

 

− 0.059***

− 0.058***

− 0.062***

 

− 0.059***

− 0.058***

− 0.043***

 

− 0.038***

− 0.043***

− 0.034***

 

− 0.036***

− 0.026***

(0.009)

 

(0.008)

(0.009)

(0.010)

 

(0.009)

(0.016)

(0.010)

 

(0.008)

(0.011)

(0.005)

 

(0.005)

(0.008)

Sample wave 1

Reference

 

Reference

Reference

Reference

 

Reference

Reference

Reference

 

Reference

Reference

Reference

 

Reference

Reference

Refreshment sample wave 5

0.095*

 

0.081*

0

0.074

 

0.062

0

0.118**

 

0.102**

0

0.039

 

0.049*

0

(0.041)

 

(0.036)

 

(0.048)

 

(0.044)

 

(0.043)

 

(0.038)

 

(0.026)

 

(0.024)

 

t * Refreshment sample wave 5

− 0.034*

 

− 0.010

0.003

− 0.056*

 

− 0.023

− 0.006

− 0.067***

 

− 0.041*

− 0.030*

− 0.019

 

− 0.006

0.003

(0.019)

 

(0.017)

(0.012)

(0.024)

 

(0.021)

(0.023)

(0.021)

 

(0.018)

(0.015)

(0.013)

 

(0.012)

(0.011)

CATI

Reference

 

Reference

Reference

Reference

 

Reference

Reference

Reference

 

Reference

Reference

Reference

 

Reference

Reference

CAPI

0.116***

 

0.077***

0.073***

0.134***

 

0.091***

0.095***

0.122***

 

0.081***

0.078***

0.073***

 

0.050***

0.030*

(0.017)

 

(0.016)

(0.015)

(0.020)

 

(0.019)

(0.028)

(0.018)

 

(0.017)

(0.019)

(0.011)

 

(0.010)

(0.014)

Constant

3.194***

 

3.221***

 

2.014***

 

1.996***

 

2.758***

 

2.756***

 

3.117***

 

3.145***

 

(0.123)

 

(0.112)

 

(0.134)

 

(0.123)

 

(0.124)

 

(0.115)

 

(0.068)

 

(0.076)

 

ln(Dispersion parameter)

− 2.141***

 

− 2.221***

 

− 46.538

 

− 24.021

 

− 2.766***

 

− 2.920***

 

0

 

0

 

(0.067)

 

(0.068)

     

(0.108)

 

(0.122)

     

Observations

21,242

 

21,108

16,822

21,242

 

21,108

16,822

21,242

 

21,108

16,822

21,242

 

21,108

16,863

Individuals

9220

 

9142

4823

9220

 

9142

4823

9220

 

9142

4823

9220

 

9142

4841

  1. Data: Panel Study Labor Market and Social Security (PASS) samples 1, 2, 6, and 7; waves 1–7, 2006–2013
  2. Only respondents from households receiving UBII payments at the time of the interview. A1: Negative binomial regression models controlling for survey design, selection probabilities, and non-response. A2: Negative binomial regression models controlling for panel attrition with a balanced panel. B: Negative binomial regression models controlling for survey design and selection probabilities. C: FE Poisson regression models. * p<.05, ** p<.01, *** p<.001 (one-sided tests)
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