Totald | Education only | Education, age, gender, immigration | Education, age, gender, immigration, geography | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4 groupsa | 48 groupsb | 400 groupsc | |||||
Between | Within | Between | Within | Between | Within | ||
1979–2012 | |||||||
Bottom | 3.5 | − 10.2 | 13.8 | − 8.9 | 12.4 | − 8.9 | 12.4 |
Middle | − 19.3 | − 6.2 | − 13.1 | − 7.2 | − 12.0 | − 7.5 | − 11.8 |
Top | 15.7 | 16.4 | − 0.7 | 16.2 | − 0.4 | 16.3 | − 0.6 |
1979–1989 | |||||||
Bottom | 0.9 | − 3.6 | 4.4 | − 2.2 | 3.1 | − 2.3 | 3.1 |
Middle | − 5.9 | − 0.3 | − 5.6 | − 1.3 | − 4.5 | − 1.5 | − 4.4 |
Top | 5.0 | 3.9 | 1.1 | 3.6 | 1.4 | 3.8 | 1.2 |
1989–1999 | |||||||
Bottom | 1.0 | − 4.2 | 5.3 | − 4.2 | 5.2 | − 4.5 | 5.5 |
Middle | − 6.6 | − 1.9 | − 4.7 | − 2.4 | − 4.2 | − 2.2 | − 4.4 |
Top | 5.6 | 6.1 | − 0.6 | 6.6 | − 1.1 | 6.7 | − 1.2 |
1999–2009 | |||||||
Bottom | 0.3 | − 2.8 | 3.2 | − 3.0 | 3.3 | − 2.5 | 2.9 |
Middle | − 4.9 | − 1.5 | − 3.3 | − 1.4 | − 3.5 | − 1.5 | − 3.4 |
Top | 4.5 | 4.4 | 0.2 | 4.3 | 0.2 | 4.0 | 0.5 |