Table 3 Linear multilevel modelling results for the NEET probability of youth aged from 20 to 24 years (J = 63; n _i  = 15,786)

Fixed effects (unstandardised)

 Constant

.2063***

.2074***

.2113***

 Context level (federal state-years)

  Upper secondary education

.0059

.0119*

−.0029

  Dual apprenticeship

−.0087⁺

.0018

.0051

.0095

  Vacant jobs

−.0078*

−.0169***

.0055

  Active labour market policy

−.0066*

−.0080*

−.0182**

 Individual level

  Gender (1 = female)

−.0140**

−.0161**

−.0141**

  More than 30,000 inhabitants

Reference group

Reference group

Reference group

  5001 to 30,000 inhabitants

−.0064

−.0057

−.0059

  Up to 5000 inhabitants

−.0190**

−.0182**

−.0183**

  Country of birth (1 = Austria)

−.0669***

−.0663***

−.0658***

  Citizenship (1 = Austria)

−.0574***

−.0585***

−.0646***

  Third quarter (1 = yes)

−.0013

−.0011

−.0012

  Motherhood (1 = yes)

.3825***

.3825***

.3828***

 Cross-level interactions

  Gender * upper secondary education

−.0117

  Gender * dual apprenticeship

−.0064

  Gender * vacant jobs

.0179**

  Gender * active labour market policy

.0027

  Citizenship * upper secondary education

.0089

  Citizenship * dual apprenticeship

−.0105

  Citizenship * vacant jobs

−.0138⁺

  Citizenship * active labour market policy

.0126⁺

Random effects (variance components)

 Federal states-year intercept \( \left( {\tau_{{u_{0} }}^{2} } \right) \)

.0001315

.0001330

.0000808

 Federal states-year slopes

  Gender \( \left( {\tau_{{u_{1} }}^{2} } \right) \)

.0001723

  Citizenship \( \left( {\tau_{{u_{6} }}^{2} } \right) \)

.0000824

 Residuals \( \left( {\sigma_{\varepsilon }^{2} } \right) \)

.0816046

.0814484

.0815019

ρ (intraclass correlation)