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Table 3 Livin, Li and Chu and Im Pesaran and Shin Tests for unit root, panel data

From: Jobless growth: empirical evidences from the Middle East and North Africa regionWachstum ohne Beschäftigung – empirische Evidenz aus Nahost und Nordafrika

Variable

Level Form

LLC (t-Stat)

IPS (W-Stat)

y

−15.73**

−16.61**

Yc (HP)

−5.71**

−11.37**

Yc (BK)

−14.82**

−17.94**

Yc (QT)

−2.98**

−6.76**

u

−13.65**

−14.43**

Uc (HP)

−7.15**

−8.48**

Uc (BK)

−15.16**

−14.39**

Uc (QT)

−4.48**

−7.55**

  1. u, y, \(U^{C}\)and \(Y^{C}\) represent the absolute difference of unemployment rate, the absolute difference of the GDP growth rate, the cyclical unemployment rate and the logarithm of the cyclical output respectively. HP, BK and QT refer to Hodrick-Prescott, the Baxter and King and the quadratic trend filters. LLC and IPS represent Livin, Lin & Chu and Im, Pesaran & Shin unit root tests respectively. The optimal lag length is selected by the Schwarz Criterion
  2. * and ** indicate 95 and 99 % confidence levels respectively