Independent variables | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Sample | Managers | Supervisors | Core employees | |||||||||
N | Mean | St. D. | N | Mean | St. D. | N | Mean | St. D. | N | Mean | St. D. | |
Factor analysis Problem-solving | 4,347 | 0.00 | 0.92 | 568 | 0.00 | 0.73 | 630 | 0.19 | 0.65 | 3,149 | −0.04 | 1.00 |
Client communication | 4,347 | 0.00 | 0.86 | 568 | 0.29 | 0.79 | 630 | 0.00 | 0.82 | 3,149 | −0.06 | 0.87 |
High-level communication | 4,347 | 0.00 | 0.84 | 568 | 0.64 | 0.63 | 630 | 0.71 | 0.59 | 3,149 | −0.26 | 0.77 |
Planning skills | 4,347 | 0.00 | 0.83 | 568 | 0.16 | 0.57 | 630 | 0.18 | 0.56 | 3,149 | −0.07 | 0.90 |
Horizontal communication | 4,347 | 0.00 | 0.79 | 568 | 0.00 | 0.58 | 630 | 0.07 | 0.61 | 3,149 | −0.01 | 0.85 |
Numeracy skills | 4,347 | 0.00 | 0.81 | 568 | 0.32 | 0.72 | 630 | 0.10 | 0.79 | 3,149 | −0.08 | 0.81 |
Technical know-how | 4,347 | 0.00 | 0.70 | 568 | 0.15 | 0.54 | 630 | 0.10 | 0.58 | 3,149 | −0.05 | 0.74 |
Literacy skills | 4,347 | 0.00 | 0.62 | 568 | 0.19 | 0.64 | 630 | 0.33 | 0.61 | 3,149 | −0.04 | 0.60 |
Computer use | 4,347 | 0.00 | 1 | 568 | 0.59 | 0.57 | 630 | 0.30 | 0.81 | 3,149 | −0.17 | 1.04 |
Average score Problem-solving | 4,347 | 4.03 | 0.80 | 568 | 4.18 | 0.60 | 630 | 4.30 | 0.55 | 3,149 | 3.95 | 0.86 |
Client communication | 4,347 | 2.63 | 1.16 | 568 | 3.21 | 0.97 | 630 | 2.86 | 1.05 | 3,149 | 2.48 | 1.18 |
High-level communication | 4,347 | 2.81 | 1.12 | 568 | 3.77 | 0.75 | 630 | 3.72 | 0.75 | 3,149 | 2.45 | 1.03 |
Planning skills | 4,347 | 3.96 | 0.89 | 568 | 4.35 | 0.55 | 630 | 4.30 | 0.61 | 3,149 | 3.81 | 0.95 |
Horizontal communication | 4,347 | 3.88 | 0.79 | 568 | 4.13 | 0.54 | 630 | 4.20 | 0.55 | 3,149 | 3.76 | 0.84 |
Numeracy skills | 4,347 | 2.65 | 1.17 | 568 | 3.23 | 0.98 | 630 | 2.97 | 1.08 | 3,149 | 2.48 | 1.17 |
Technical know-how | 4,347 | 3.39 | 1.06 | 568 | 3.87 | 0.70 | 630 | 3.75 | 0.82 | 3,149 | 3.23 | 1.12 |
Literacy skills | 4,347 | 2.48 | 1.02 | 568 | 3.08 | 0.83 | 630 | 2.85 | 0.89 | 3,149 | 2.29 | 1.01 |
Computer use | 4,347 | 3.39 | 0.71 | 568 | 3.84 | 0.44 | 630 | 3.77 | 0.50 | 3,149 | 3.23 | 0.72 |
Female | 4,347 | 0.31 | 0.46 | 568 | 0.22 | 0.41 | 630 | 0.27 | 0.43 | 3,149 | 0.34 | 0.47 |
Spanisha | 4,347 | 0.95 | 0.21 | 568 | 0.98 | 0.15 | 630 | 0.99 | 0.11 | 3,149 | 0.95 | 0.23 |
Education Level 1a | 4,347 | 0.47 | 568 | 0.10 | 630 | 0.37 | 3,149 | 0.57 | ||||
Education Level 2 | 4,347 | 0.25 | 568 | 0.24 | 630 | 0.29 | 3,149 | 0.24 | ||||
Education Level 3 | 4,347 | 0.19 | 568 | 0.31 | 630 | 0.23 | 3,149 | 0.15 | ||||
Education Level 4 | 4,347 | 0.09 | 568 | 0.33 | 630 | 0.11 | 3,149 | 0.04 | ||||
Experience | 4,347 | 20.01 | 10.85 | 568 | 21.87 | 9.77 | 630 | 22.13 | 10.52 | 3,149 | 19.22 | 11.13 |
Experience2 | 4,347 | 518.15 | 500.40 | 568 | 574.85 | 476.9 | 630 | 600.6 | 530.57 | 3,149 | 490.73 | 498.2 |
Tenure | 4,347 | 9.24 | 8.43 | 568 | 11.41 | 8.84 | 630 | 11.63 | 8.72 | 3,149 | 8.34 | 8.59 |
Tenure2 | 4,347 | 156.46 | 273.28 | 568 | 202.07 | 280.97 | 630 | 211.37 | 303.91 | 3,149 | 136.50 | 262.48 |
MBA | 568 | 0.09 | 0.28 | 630 | 3,149 | |||||||
Training | 4,347 | 0.38 | 0.48 | 568 | 0.77 | 0.42 | 630 | 0.62 | 0.86 | 3,149 | 0.41 | 0.72 |
Temporary contract | 4,347 | 0.12 | 0.32 | 568 | 0.04 | 0.19 | 630 | 0.44 | 0.199 | 3,149 | 0.15 | 0.35 |
Hours worked < 35 | 4,347 | 0.09 | 568 | 0.07 | 630 | 0.07 | 3,149 | 0.09 | ||||
Hours worked < 40a | 4,347 | 0.77 | 568 | 0.59 | 630 | 0.70 | 3,149 | 0.81 | ||||
Hours worked > 40 | 4,347 | 0.15 | 568 | 0.34 | 630 | 0.22 | 3,149 | 0.09 | ||||
Food industrya | 4,347 | 0.12 | 568 | 0.12 | 630 | 0.12 | 3,149 | 0.12 | ||||
Electronic and other elec. equipment | 4,347 | 0.93 | 568 | 0.14 | 630 | 0.08 | 3,149 | 0.09 | ||||
Hotel industry | 4,347 | 0.80 | 568 | 0.05 | 630 | 0.10 | 3,149 | 0.08 | ||||
Computer & related activities | 4,347 | 0.91 | 568 | 0.13 | 630 | 0.06 | 3,149 | 0.09 | ||||
Human health services | 4,347 | 0.12 | 568 | 0.11 | 630 | 0.13 | 3,149 | 0.11 | ||||
Rubber and plastic materials | 4,347 | 0.78 | 568 | 0.08 | 630 | 0.11 | 3,149 | 0.07 | ||||
Fabricated metal products, exc. machinery | 4,347 | 0.20 | 568 | 0.16 | 630 | 0.19 | 3,149 | 0.21 | ||||
Machinery and equipment | 4,347 | 0.16 | 568 | 0.15 | 630 | 0.16 | 3,149 | 0.17 | ||||
Furniture | 4,347 | 0.51 | 568 | 0.04 | 630 | 0.06 | 3,149 | 0.05 | ||||
Log number of workers | 4,347 | 3.53 | 1.00 | 568 | 3.63 | 0.95 | 630 | 3.63 | 1.01 | 3,149 | 3.50 | 1.00 |
Firm belongs to a group | 4,347 | 0.15 | 0.35 | 568 | 0.16 | 0.37 | 630 | 0.19 | 0.39 | 3,149 | 0.13 | 0.34 |
% Exports over sales | 4,347 | 1.84 | 0.804 | 568 | 1.73 | 0.75 | 630 | 1.79 | 0.80 | 3,149 | 1.87 | 0.81 |
Firm age | 4,347 | 1,976.78 | 23.3 | 568 | 1,977.55 | 21.8 | 630 | 1,977.44 | 21.08 | 3,149 | 1,976.48 | 24.05 |
Product strategy | 4,347 | 0.51 | 0.49 | 568 | 0.56 | 0.49 | 630 | 0.53 | 0.49 | 3,149 | 0.49 | 0.49 |
Leadership in product market | 4,347 | 0.32 | 0.43 | 568 | 0.37 | 0.46 | 630 | 0.33 | 0.44 | 3,149 | 0.31 | 0.43 |
Multinational | 4,347 | 0.071 | 0.26 | 568 | 0.08 | 0.27 | 630 | 0.07 | 0.26 | 3,149 | 0.68 | 0.25 |
Process innovation | 4,347 | 0.55 | 0.49 | 568 | 0.58 | 0.48 | 630 | 0.57 | 0.49 | 3,149 | 0.55 | 0.49 |
Variable payment | 4,347 | 0.67 | 0.45 | 568 | 0.72 | 0.44 | 630 | 0.71 | 0.44 | 3,149 | 0.66 | 0.46 |
Centralization key decisions | 4,347 | −0.035 | 0.85 | 568 | −0.04 | 0.84 | 630 | −0.03 | 0.89 | 3,149 | 0.04 | 0.85 |
Centralization task decisions | 4,347 | −0.041 | 0.74 | 568 | −0.15 | 0.73 | 630 | −0.04 | 0.70 | 3,149 | 0.02 | 0.75 |
Technological intensity | 4,347 | 2.08 | 0.76 | 568 | 2.16 | 0.75 | 630 | 2.09 | 0.77 | 3,149 | 2.07 | 0.76 |
Information sharing-teams | 4,347 | 0.05 | 0.69 | 568 | 0.05 | 0.71 | 630 | 0.08 | 0.71 | 3,149 | 0.05 | 0.69 |
Job redesign | 4,347 | 0.084 | 0.63 | 568 | 0.10 | 0.62 | 630 | 0.10 | 0.64 | 3,149 | 0.89 | 0.63 |