Table 7 Random intercept model of log hourly wages (n = 14,266). (Source: BIBB/BAuA Employment Survey 2006)

RE: 3B

0.410^***

(11.65)

RE: 5B

0.543^***

(14.42)

RE: 5A

0.683^***

(18.10)

OE: 3B

0.165^***

(4.48)

OE: 5B

0.058^***

(3.45)

OE: 5A

0.032^*

(2.15)

UE: 3B

− 0.036^*

(− 2.22)

UE: 5B

− 0.061

(− 1.54)

Overeducated

− 0.229^***

(− 24.71)

− 0.226^***

(− 24.21)

− 0.209^***

(− 22.71)

− 0.160^***

(− 17.59)

− 0.158^***

(− 17.45)

Undereducated

0.139^***

(10.12)

0.140^***

(10.15)

0.136^***

(10.08)

0.091^***

(7.00)

0.089^***

(6.86)

Overskilled

− 0.069^***

(− 4.29)

− 0.061^***

(− 3.86)

− 0.052^***

(− 3.45)

− 0.052^***

(− 3.44)

Underskilled

− 0.033^***

(− 3.58)

− 0.0247^**

(− 2.69)

− 0.017^*

(− 1.99)

− 0.0171

(− 1.95)

ISCED (Ref.: 5A, univers. deg.)

3B (vocational education and training)

− 0.260^***

(− 19.98)

− 0.260^***

(− 19.93)

− 0.250^***

(− 19.45)

− 0.200^***

(− 16.05)

− 0.198^***

(− 15.89)

5B (Master craftsmen, technicians, trade/technical school qual.)

− 0.077^***

(− 5.30)

− 0.078^***

(− 5.34)

− 0.074^***

(− 5.18)

− 0.089^***

(− 6.49)

− 0.088^***

(− 6.41)

Female

− 0.139^***

(− 19.03)

− 0.140^***

(− 19.01)

− 0.141^***

(− 19.05)

− 0.107^***

(− 14.01)

− 0.100^***

(− 13.54)

− 0.101^***

(− 13.60)

Kid(s) living in the household

0.001

(0.20)

0.003

(0.41)

0.003

(0.40)

0.019^**

(2.59)

0.017^*

(2.46)

0.017^*

(2.47)

German not learnt as a first language

− 0.029^*

(− 1.99)

− 0.038^*

(− 2.57)

− 0.035^*

(− 2.35)

− 0.041^**

(− 2.80)

− 0.041^**

(− 2.95)

− 0.041^**

(− 2.93)

Married (Ref.: unmarried, divorced)

0.020^**

(2.91)

− 0.024^***

(3.14)

0.023^**

(3.23)

0.027^***

(3.87)

0.025^***

(3.76)

0.025^***

(3.78)

Residence in East Germany (Ref.: West Germany)

− 0.250^***

(− 32.26)

0.0256^***

(− 32.60)

− 0.0258^***

(− 32.82)

− 0.262^***

(− 33.65)

− 0.235^***

(− 31.27)

− 0.235^***

(− 31.30)

Virtual education (yrs.)

0.017^***

(7.90)

0.016^***

(7.41)

0.016^***

(7.37)

0.017^***

(8.06)

0.012^***

(5.53)

0.011^***

(5.47)

Labor market experience (yrs.)

0.007^***

(10.16)

0.009^***

(14.09)

0.009^***

(13.99)

0.006^***

(9.43)

0.006^***

(8.91)

0.006^***

(8.93)

Labor market experience (yrs.)²/100

− 0.039^***

(− 11.02)

− 0.0040^***

(− 11.25)

− 0.040^***

(− 11.19)

− 0.037^***

(− 10.44)

− 0.031^***

(− 9.35)

− 0.031^***

(− 9.35)

Employment gap

− 0.047^***

(− 7.16)

− 0.057^***

(− 8.69)

− 0.057^***

(− 8.66)

− 0.035^***

(− 5.27)

− 0.023^***

(− 3.64)

− 0.023^***

(− 3.61)

Task experience (yrs.)

0.007^***

(15.09)

0.007^***

(15.11)

0.006^***

(14.01)

0.006^***

(14.03)

Health (Ref.: 1 = Very bad)

 2

0.016

(0.56)

0.011

(0.40)

0.003

(0.12)

0.003

(0.13)

 3

0.064^*

(2.43)

0.057^*

(2.18)

0.049^*

(1.97)

0.049^*

(1.97)

 4

0.084^**

(3.17)

0.079^**

(2.98)

0.060^*

(2.36)

0.060^*

(2.36)

 5 = Excellent

0.076^**

(2.75)

0.072^**

(2.65)

0.051

(1.95)

0.051

(1.94)

Shift work

0.032^***

(3.93)

0.012

(1.44)

0.013

(1.59)

Part-time job

− 0.120^***

(− 14.01)

− 0.085^***

(− 10.21)

− 0.085^***

(− 10.29)

Non-routine analytic job tasks

0.002^***

(11.71)

0.002^***

(11.54)

Non-routine interactive tasks

0.001^***

(8.36)

0.001^***

(8.22)

Routine cognitive job tasks

− 0.001^***

(− 7.94)

− 0.001^***

(− 7.82)

Routine manual job tasks

− 0.000

(− 1.39)

− 0.000

(− 1.39)

Non-routine manual job tasks

− 0.001^***

(− 6.33)

− 0.001^***

(− 6.32)

Increase in job skill requirements

0.015^*

(2.56)

0.016^**

(2.58)

Non-routine analytic job tasks (occ. mean)

0.002

(1.05)

Non-routine interactive tasks (occ. mean)

0.003

(1.90)

Routine cognitive job tasks (occ. mean)

− 0.003^*

(− 2.21)

Routine manual job tasks (occ. mean)

0.00

(1.26)

Non-routine manual job tasks (occ. mean)

− 0.00

(− 1.86)

Increase in job skill requirements (occ. mean)

0.000

(0.18)

Constant

2.420^***

(54.28)

3.072^***

(84.27)

3.079^***

(81.05)

2.977^***

(68.11)

2.921^***

(77.51)

2.765^***

(26.92)

Intraclass-correlation (ICC)

0.155

0.168

0.170

0.162

0.090

0.027

R² occupation-level

0.713

0.668

0.672

0.697

0.860

0.961

R² worker-level

0.247

0.221

0.223

0.249

0.320

0.320

R² total (weighted by ICC)

0.319

0.297

0.299

0.321

0.369

0.337

Log-likelihood

− 5594.6

− 5834.5

− 5820.0

− 5580.8

− 4860.2

− 4846.5