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Table 6 Random intercept model of overskilling (n = 14,266). (Source: BIBB/BAuA Employment Survey 2006)

From: Educational (Mis)match and skill utilization in Germany: Assessing the role of worker and job characteristicsQualifikatorisches (Mis)matching und die Ausnutzung von fachlichen Kenntnissen und Fähigkeiten von Erwerbstätigen in Deutschland: Zur Bedeutung von Personen- und Arbeitsplatzmerkmalen

 

(1)O.R.

AME/ DC

(2)O.R.

AME/DC

(3)O.R.

AME/DC

(4)O.R.

AME/DC

Age cohort (Ref.: 25–34)

35–44

0.982

(− 0.28)

− 0.002

  

0.976

(− 0.37)

− 0.003

0.977

(− 0.35)

− 0.003

45–54

0.703***

(− 4.41)

− 0.039

  

0.687***

(− 4.63)

− 0.039

0.691***

(− 4.56)

− 0.038

55–64

0.769*

(− 2.31)

− 0.030

  

0.745*

(− 2.55)

− 0.031

0.750*

(− 2.49)

− 0.030

ISCED (Ref.: 5A, univers. deg.)

 3B (vocational education and training qual.)

0.868

(− 1.39)

− 0.016

  

0.818

(− 1.94)

− 0.022

0.823

(− 1.88)

− 0.021

 5B (Master craftsmen, technicians, trade/technical school qual.)

1.033

(0.28)

0.004

  

1.079

(0.63)

0.009

1.081

(0.65)

0.009

Virtual education (yrs.)

1.001

(0.08)

0.0002

  

1.024

(1.32)

0.003

1.028

(1.53)

0.003

Employment gap

1.080

(1.41)

0.009

  

1.007

(0.12)

0.001

1.004

(0.08)

0.001

Task experience (yrs.)

0.977***

(− 5.43)

− 0.003

  

0.980***

(− 4.67)

− 0.002

0.980***

(− 4.67)

− 0.002

Health (Ref.: 1 = Very bad)

 2

0.872

(− 0.65)

− 0.019

  

0.889

(− 0.55)

− 0.015

0.886

(− 0.57)

− 0.015

 3

0.705

(− 1.78)

− 0.045

  

0.718

(− 1.66)

− 0.039

0.716

(− 1.68)

− 0.039

 4

0.677

(− 1.95)

− 0.049

  

0.697

(− 1.77)

− 0.043

0.696

(− 1.78)

− 0.042

 5 = Excellent

0.739

(− 1.46)

− 0.039

  

0.768

(− 1.25)

− 0.032

0.768

(− 1.25)

− 0.032

Female

0.978

(− 0.37)

− 0.003

  

0.855*

(− 2.35)

− 0.017

0.885

(− 1.83)

− 0.013

Kid(s) living in the household

0.975

(− 0.42)

− 0.003

  

0.948

(− 0.85)

− 0.006

0.947

(− 0.87)

− 0.006

German not learnt as a first language

1.074

(0.62)

0.008

  

1.017

(0.15)

0.002

1.018

(0.15)

0.002

Married (Ref.: unmarried, divorced)

0.829**

(− 3.14)

− 0.022

  

0.827**

(− 3.14)

− 0.021

0.824**

(− 3.21)

− 0.021

Residence in East Germany (Ref.: West Germany)

0.766***

(− 3.83)

− 0.029

  

0.736***

(− 4.33)

− 0.031

0.732***

(− 4.41)

− 0.031

Non-routine analytic job tasks

  

0.995***

(− 3.42)

− 0.0005

0.993***

(− 4.76)

− 0.0007

0.994***

(− 4.11)

− 0.0006

Non-routine interactive tasks

  

0.999

(− 0.67)

− 0.0001

0.999

(− 0.86)

− 0.0001

0.999

(− 0.50)

− 0.0001

Routine cognitive job tasks

  

1.002*

(2.09)

0.0002

1.002*

(2.00)

0.0002

1.002

(1.76)

0.0002

Routine manual job tasks

  

1.002

(1.25)

0.0002

1.001

(0.96)

0.0001

1.001

(0.93)

0.0001

Non-routine manual job tasks

  

1.000

(0.05)

0.0000

1.001

(0.76)

 0.0001

1.001

(0.94)

0.0001

Increase in job skill req.

  

0.681***

(− 7.17)

− 0.042

0.693***

(− 6.76)

− 0.040

0.694***

(− 6.72)

− 0.039

Shift work

  

1.255***

(3.48)

0.026

1.262***

(3.51)

0.026

1.290***

(3.86)

0.028

Part-time job

  

1.176*

(2.54)

0.018

1.280***

(3.42)

0.028

1.292***

(3.54)

0.029

N.-r. analytic job tasks (occ. mean)

      

0.986

(− 1.95)

− 0.0015

N.-r. interactive job tasks (occ. mean)

      

0.996

(− 0.74)

− 0.0005

Routine cognitive job tasks (occ. mean)

      

0.998

(− 0.38)

− 0.0002

Routine manual job tasks (occ. mean)

      

0.995

(− 1.64)

− 0.0005

Non-routine manual job tasks (occ. mean)

      

0.994

(− 1.29)

− 0.0006

Increase in job skill req. (occ. mean)

      

0.996

(− 0.48)

− 0.0004

Intraclass-correlation (ICC)

0.090

 

0.033

 

0.038

 

0.006

 

Log-likelihood

− 5262.6

 

− 5265.9

 

− 5177.4

 

− 5160.7

 
  1. Models with job characteristics additionally control for supervisor status, firm size and employment status. t-values (robust standard errors) in parentheses
  2. Sample excludes workers aged 15–24 and 65 + and workers without a vocational degree (for detailed sample definition see Sect. 3.1)
  3. *p ≤ 0.05; **p ≤ 0.01; ***p ≤ 0.001 (two-sided test)